1622.33 

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STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 

DIVISION  OF  THE 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FRANK  W.  DE  WOLF,  Chief 


Cooperative  Mining  Series 

BULLETIN  19 


COAL  RESOURCES  OF  DISTRICT  V 

(Saline  and  Gallatin  Counties) 

BY 

GILBERT  HJ  CADY 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 

Prepared  under  a  cooperative  agreement  between  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 
Division,  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois, 

and  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines 


PRINTED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 
1919 


The  Forty-seventh  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  with 
a  view  of  conserving  the  lives  of  the  mine  workers  and  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  State,  authorized  an  investigation  of  the  coal  resources 
and  mining  practices  of  Illinois  by  the  Department  of  Mining  Engi¬ 
neering  of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  the  State  Geological  Survey 
Division  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines.  A 
cooperative  agreement  was  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  by  representatives  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

The  direction  of  this  investigation  is  vested  in  the  Director  of  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  the  Chief  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey  Division,  and  the  Director,  Engineering  Experiment  Station, 
University  of  Illinois,  who  jointly  determined  the  methods  to  be 
employed  in  the  conduct  of  the  work  and  exercise  general  editorial 
supervision  over  the  publication  of  the  results,  but  each  party  to  the 
agreement  directs  the  work  of  its  agents  in  carrying  on  the  investiga¬ 
tion  thus  mutually  agreed  on. 

The  reports  of  the  investigation  are  issued  in  the  form  of  bulle¬ 
tins,  either  by  the  State  Geological  Survey  Division,  the  Engineering 
Experiment  Station ,  University  of  Illinois,  or  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Mines.  For  copies  of  the  bulletins  issued  by  the  State 
Geological  Survey  Division,  address  State  Geological  Survey  Division, 
Urbana,  Illinois;  for  those  issued  by  the  Engineering  Station,  address 
Engineering  Station,  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  Illinois;  and  for 
those  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  address  Director,  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  Mines,  Washington,  D.  C.  (See  list  at  end  of  book.) 


C\*  S  £  ^ 

6Hi°3.  S3 cS  /<?/?  .  zy 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 


DIVISION  OF  THE 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FRANK  W.  DE^OtUeh.ef 

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),)  )D  N3  )  )))  ’  5 


3  „  3  3 


3  3S 


>  3  3  3 


Cooperative  Alining  Series 

BULLETIN  19 


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3  3  3  3  3  ,  >  ^  3  3 


GOAL  RESOURCES  OF  DISTRICT  V 

(Saline  and  Gallatin  Counties) 


BY 


GILBERT  H.  CADY 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 

Prepared  under  a  cooperative  agreement  between  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 
Division,  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois, 

and  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines 


PRINTED  BY  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 
1919 


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STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 
DIVISION  OF  THE 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FRANK  DeWOLF,  Chief 


Committee  of  the  Hoard  of  Natural  Resources 

and  Conservation 


Francis  W.  Shepardson,  Chairman  A 

— V 

Director  of  Registration  and  Education  "V* 

Kendric  C.  Babcock  k 

Representing  the  President  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Illinois 

Rollin  D.  Salisbury 
Geologist 


Schnepp  &  Barnes,  Printers 
Springfield,  III. 

1919 
19962— 5M 


4 


V. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  LIBRARY 


;£b^ 


112A  0147ALL3  L 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Chapter  I — Introduction .  9 

Definition  and  importance  of  area .  9 

Acknowledgments .  11 

Previous  investigations .  11 

Geography .  13 

Surface  deposits .  14 

Chapter  II — General  geology .  17 

Stratigraphy . 17 

General  geologic  relations .  17 

Sections  of  the  Pennsylvanian  strata .  17 

Pottsville  formation .  18 

Correlation .  19 

Carbondale  formation .  19 

Definition  and  general  description .  19 

Sections  of  the. Carbondale  formation .  20 

Thickness  and  kinds  of  strata .  20 

Correlation . 23 

McLeansboro  formation . 23 

Definition  and  general  description . 23 

Correlation .  24 

Sections  of  the  McLeansboro  formation .  24 

Distinctive  horizons .  24 

Regional  structure .  25 

Structure  map .  25 

Parallelism  of  “Coal  Measures”  strata .  26 

Structure  of  District  V .  27 

Relation  to  general  Illinois  structure .  27 

Relation  to  structure  of  District  VI .  27 

Structural  features  of  District  V .  28 

Harrisburg  fault .  31 

The  possible  Ridgway-Omaha  fault .  32 

Minor  structural  irregularities .  33 

Regional  structure  and  mining .  34 

Igneous  activity . 34 

Dikes .  34 

Chapter  III — Economic  geology  of  the  coals .  36 

General  statement .  36 

Pottsville  coals .  36 

Carbondale  coals .  39 

No.  2  coal .  39 

Coals  between  No.  2  and  No.  5  coals .  41 

No.  5  coal .  41 

Depth  and  distribution .  41 


Interval  between  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals .  4:1 

Thickness .  43 

Measured  sections  of  No.  5  coal .  44 

Discussion  of  coal  sections .  48 

General  appearance  of  No.  5  coal .  48 

Irregularities  in  No.  5  coal .  49 

Bedded  impurities .  49 

Structural  irregularities .  52 

Dikes .  56 

Roof  of  No.  5  coal .  61 

Floor  of  No.  5  coal . 78 

No.  5A  coal .  78 

No.  6  coal .  79 

General  statement .  79 

Thickness .  79 

Physical  characteristics .  80 

Roof  of  No.  6  coal .  82 

Floor  of  No.  6  coal .  83 

Structure .  103 

Exploitation .  103 

Coals  of  the  McLeansboro  formation .  103 

Chemical  character  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals .  103 

Coal  resources .  107 

Appendix .  109 

Index .  133 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGE 


PLATE 

I.  Map  of  District  V  showing  locations  of  mines,  drill  holes,  out¬ 
crops,  and  structure  contours  on  No.  5  coal . Pocket 

II.  Columnar  sections  showing  stratigraphy  in  southern  Illinois 

and  Kentucky  .  18 

HI.  Graphic  sections  showing  the  Carbondale  succession  in  Dis¬ 
trict  V  .  20 

IV.  Map  of  District  V  showing  depth,  position,  and  distribution  of 

No.  6  coal .  24 

V.  Map  of  parts  of  Brushy,  Carriers  Mills,  Raleigh,  and  Harris¬ 
burg  townships  showing  depth,  position  and  distribution  of 
No.  5  coal  on  the  supposition  of  the  existence  of  certain  faults  28 

VI.  Graphic  sections  of  No.  2  coal  in  Districts  II,  V,  and  VI .  40 

VII.  Graphic  sections  of  No.  5  coal  from  measurements  in  mines  in 

District  V  .  44 

VIII.  Map  and  graphic  sections  showing  distribution  of  faults  in  and 

near  mine  No.  15,  Harrisburg,  Saline  Colliery  Company .  50 

IX.  Graphic  average  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  by  beds .  104 


FIGURE  PAGE 


1.  Map  showing  area  covered  in  the  report .  8 

2.  Sketch  map  showing  area  of  alluvial  plains  in  District  V .  12 

3.  Graphic  sections  illustrating  irregularities  in  the  columnar  section  22 

4.  Map  showing  faults  and  structure  in  three  mines  northeast  of 

Harrisburg . .  30 

5.  Graphic  sections  including  the  Ice  House  and  Bell  coals .  37 

6.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  bedded  impurities  in  mine  No.  7, 

O’Gara  Coal  Company .  49 

7.  Photograph  of  a  parting  in  the  coal  bed  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline 

County  Coal  Company .  50 

8.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  rolls . . . , .  52 

9.  Map  showing  distribution  of  dikes  and  faults  in  and  near  mines 

No.  8,  No.  10,  and  No.  11,  O’Gara  Coal  Company .  53 

10.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  faults  in  a  coal  bed  in  mine  No.  3, 

Dering  Mines  Company .  54 

11.  Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  breaking  of  coal  along  faults 

in  mine  No.  3,  Saline  County  Coal  Company .  55 

12.  Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  breaking  of  coal  along  faults 

in  mine  No.  4,  O’Gara  Coal  Company .  55 

13.  Map  showing  distribution  of  dikes  and  faults  in  the  vicinity  of 

Harrisburg .  56 

14.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  3,  Dering  Mines 

Company .  57 

15.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  8,  O’Gara  Coal 

Company .  57 


'  (.") 


16.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  large  dike  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline 

County  Coal  Company .  58 

17.  Plan  of  mine  No.  2,  J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Co.,  showing  location  of 

dikes  and  fault .  58 

18.  Photograph  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline  County  Coal  Company  59 

19.  Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  6,  Saline  County 

Coal  Company .  61 

20.  Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  character  of  roof  in  mine 

No.  6,  Saline  County  Coal  Company .  77 

21.  Photograph  of  the  “blue  band”  in  No.  6  coal .  81 

22.  Graphic  sections  of  No.  6  coal  in  the  Galatia  (No.  5)  mine.  Galatia 

Colliery  Company  . 83 


TABLES 


TABLE  PAGE 

1.  Production  of  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  1881  to  July,  1917  10 

2.  Shipping  mines  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  May,  1918 .  10 

3.  Analyses  of  the  Ice  House  and  Bell  coals  of  southern  Saline  and 

Gallatin  counties .  38 

4.  Analyses  of  the  Bell  coal  of  Kentucky .  39 

5.  Analyses  of  the  Davis  or  No.  6  coal  from  Union  County,  Kentucky.  .  41 

6.  Thicknesses  of  No.  5  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  as  deter¬ 

mined  by  drilling . 42 

7.  Structural  irregularities  in  mines  in  District  V .  60 

8.  Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in 

Saline  and  Gallatin  counties .  62 

9.  Character  of  the  floor  of  No.  5  coal  in  several  mines  in  Saline  and 

Gallatin  counties . 78 

10.  Thicknesses  of  No.  6  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  as  deter¬ 

mined  by  drilling .  80 

11.  Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  6  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in 

Saline  and  Gallatin  counties .  84 

12.  Average  analytical  and  heat  values  of  No.  5  coal  for  separate  mines 

in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties .  104 

13.  Average  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  by  districts .  105 

14.  Comparative  heating  values  of  the  various  Illinois  coals .  106 

15.  Summary  of  resources  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals  in  District  V .  106 


(7  ) 


Fig.  1. — Map  showing  area  covered  in  the  report. 


GOAL  RESOURCES  OF  DISTRICT  V 

(Saline  and  Gallatin  Counties) 

By  Gilbert  H.  Cady 


CHAPTER  1— INTRODUCTION 
Definition  and  Importance  of  Area 

It  is  to  the  thickness  and  good  quality  of  the  No.  3  or  Harrisburg 
coal  that  District  V  owes  its  position  as  the  chief  competitor  of  Dis¬ 
trict  VI  in  which  No.  6  or  Herrin  coal  is  produced.  District  V  in¬ 
cludes  the  parts  of  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  north  of  the  outcrop 
of  No.  5  coal  (see  fig.  1)  ;  District  VI  of  the  Cooperative  Investigations 
lies  directly  to  the  west  in  Williamson,  Franklin,  and  Jefferson 
counties. 

The  known  coal  resources  of  the  district  are  great.  At  least  two 
workable  coal  beds  underlie  most  of  the  area  and  there  are  probably 
others  that  will  be  exploited  eventually.  Hie  original  tonnage  of  these 
two  workable  beds  is  estimated  to  have  been  2,712  million  tons  in 
Saline  County  alone.  Of  this,  up  to  July,  1915,  only  about  55  million 
tons  or  2.63  per  cent  of  the  original  quantity  had  been  mined  or  rend¬ 
ered  unminable,  and  this  output  has  been  practically  all  from  one  coal 
bed.  The  same  two  coal  beds  in  that  part  of  Gallatin  County  included 
in  District  V  represent  a  total  original  resource  of  about  1,97  1  million 
tons,  of  which  only  about  2]A  million  tons,  or  about  one-tenth  of  1 
per  cent  of  the  original  quantity,  have  been  mined  or  rendered  unmin¬ 
able.  The  remaining  available  coal  in  these  two  beds  in  Saline  and 
Gallatin  counties,  on  a  basis  of  a  recovery  of  60  per  cent,  is  about  2.770 
million  tons,  or  about  40  times  the  total  production  for  Illinois  in  1916. 
No  estimate  of  the  amount  of  coal  in  coal  beds  other  than  No.  5  and 
No.  6  has  been  attempted  but  it  is  probable  that  some  of  the  lower 
beds  constitute  large  reserves. 

The  operations  in  this  district  are  largely  tributary  to  one  rail¬ 
road,  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  the 
greatest  amount  of  development  being  located  along  this  road  between 
Eldorado  and  Carriers  Mills  southwest  of  Harrisburg.  The  Illinois 


(9) 


10 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


Central  Railroad  and  the  Louisville  &  Nashville  Railroad  also  receive 
shipments  directly  from  a  few  of  the  mines. 

Although  two  or  three  commercial  mines  were  operating  before 
1900  the  district  has  been  largely  proved  and  developed  since  that 
date.  At  present  there  are  only  twelve  companies  operating  in  Saline 
County  and  two  in  Gallatin  County,  with  twenty-three  mines  in  the 
former  county  and  two  in  the  latter.  Furthermore,  the  present  com¬ 
panies  control  much  of  the  already  proved  coal  lands,  so  that  future 
development  will  probably  wait  on  the  conservative  expansion  of  the 
operations  of  these  companies  and  the  testing  of  areas  in  the  north 
part  of  the  district  and  in  adjacent  parts  of  White  and  Hamilton 
counties. 

The  following  table  shows  the  production  of  coal  in  District  V 
from  1881  to  the  end  of  June,  1917.  The  figures  for  the  annual 
production  were  taken  from  the  reports  of  the  State  Mining  Board; 
totals  for  Gallatin  and  Saline  counties  from  1881  to  1907  were  ob¬ 
tained  from  State  Geological  Survey  Bulletin  16. 1 


Table  1. — Production  of  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  1881  to  July,  1917 


Year 

Saline 

Gallatin 

Tons 

Tons 

1881-1907 

5,531,780 

972,718 

1908 

2,482,677 

75,322 

1909 

2,798,527 

58,218 

1910 

3,062,098 

76,692 

1911 

3,232,736 

63,105 

1912 

4,088,575 

73,620 

1913 

4,519,936 

78,099 

1914 

3,875,511 

67,509 

1915 

3,863,030 

73,863 

1916 

4,502,801 

68,094 

1917 

4,530,903 

125,366 

County  Totals: 

42,488,574 

1,732,606 

District  total:  44,221,180 


Table  2  is  a  list  of  mines  in  District  V  giving  data  regarding 
the  location  of  mines,  the  depth  and  altitude  of  coal,  and  the  pro¬ 
duction  for  the  fiscal  years,  1915-1916,  and  1916-1917. 

The  district  is  of  peculiar  interest  because  it  is  the  only  one  in 
which  the  coal  is  known  to  be  affected  by  igneous  intrusions.  A  dike 
as  much  as  180  feet  in  width  in  one  place,  and  other  dikes  of  lesser 
width  in  other  places  cut  vertically  through  the  coal  beds  altering 
the  coal  for  some  distance  on  either  side  into  natural  coke,  or  harden¬ 
ing  it  by  an  apparent  silicification.  Furthermore,  certain  parts  of  the 
district  are  affected  by  faults,  the  coal  in  one  mine  having  been  dis¬ 
placed  vertically  as  much  as  160  feet. 

1  Bement,  A.,  The  Illinois  coal  field:  Ill.  State  Geo  l.  Survey  Bull.  16,  pp.  193 
and  194,  1910. 


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Table  2. — Shipping  mines  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  May,  1919 


1 

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Operator  and  date  of  opening 
since  1902 


Mine 


Saline  County 

1908,  Dering-  Mines  Co . ; 

i 

. Galatia  Colliery  Co . j 

1908.  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co. 

1907,  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co. 

1916,  Harrisburg  Colliery  Co . 

1913,  Harrisburg  Fuel  Co . 

1908,  Harrisburg-SalineCollieriesCo. 

1918,  Heato  Coal  Co . 

1918,  J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O  Gara  Coal  Co . 

1906,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1907,  O’Gara  Coal  Co . 

1907,  Saline  County  Coal  Co . 

1911,  Saline  County  Coal  Co . 

1911,  Saline  County  Coal  Co . 

1918,  Saline  Gas  Coal  Co . 

1907,  Wasson  Coal  Co . 

1915,  Wasson  Coal  Co . 

SALINE  COUNTY  TOTALS.. 


Gallatin  County 

i  . Evans  Coal  Co . 

1  1914,  Gallatin  Coal  &  Coke  Co-. 

1  j  1909.  Hickory  Hill  Coal  Co . 


No.  3 

No.  5 
No.  14 
No.  12 
Harco 
Harrisburg 
Fuel 
No.  15 
Ledford 

No.  2 
No.  1 

No.  3 
No.  4 
No.  7 
No.  8 
No.  9 
No.  10 
No.  11 
No.  2 
No.  3 
No.  6 
No.  1 
No.  1 
No.  2 


GALLATIN  COUNTY  TOTALS 
DISTRICT  TOTALS . 


<U  o 

tD  B 

5  * 

ctf  cn 

•S  S 

-  6 
o  £ 

+J  '■H 
CTj  O 

Q 


1917 

1917 


East  Side 
West  Side 
Hickory  Hill 


1914 


1911 


Former  operator 
and  mine 

Location 

Surface  eleva  - 

tion 

Depth  to  No.  5 

coal 

Altitude  of  top 

of  coal 

— 

Average  thick¬ 

ness 

Produc¬ 

tion 

fiscal 

year 

1916 

Produc¬ 

tion 

fiscal 

year 

1917 

j  Rank  1917 

K  Ya  Sec.T.S.R.E 

1 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

In. 

Tons 

Tons 

Eldorado  Coal  &  Min-  ! 

NW  SW 

15 

8 

*■» 

i 

425 

465 

—40 

56 

341,314 

364,282 

4 

ing  Co. 

Saline  County  Coal  Co.  } 

NW  SE 

11 

8 

5 

410 

485 

—75 

72 

40,396 

52,918 

18 

O’Gara  Coal  Co.  No.  14 

SE  SE 

30 

9 

6 

410 

137 

273 

65 

143,390 

243,397 

12 

SW  SW 

2 

9 

5 

373 

415 

—42 

62 

171,576 

226,468 

15 

SE  SW 

27 

8 

5 

521 

416 

5 

72 

54,385 

243,101 

13 

NE  NE 

29 

9 

6 

.... 

.... 

.... 

•  .  •  • 

a 

509 

22 

O’Gara  Coal  Co.  No.  15 

NW  NW 

35 

9 

5 

410 

58 

351 

67 

222,865 

336,624 

6 

NE  SE 

30 

9 

6 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

a 

2,281 

21 

SE  NE 

24 

8 

6 

427 

456 

—29 

71 

a 

43,924 

19 

NW  NW 

2 

9 

6 

367 

311 

56 

62 

316,731 

353,258 

5 

SE  SW 

15 

9 

6 

368 

233 

135 

72 

154,669 

333,516 

7 

NW  NW 

22 

9 

6 

369 

213 

156 

82 

160,381 

150,324 

17 

SE  SW 

36 

9 

5 

405 

70 

335 

82 

b 

b 

NW  SE 

21 

8 

7 

387 

393 

—6 

55 

194,932 

304,341 

10 

SW  SE 

21 

9 

6 

379 

145 

234 

83 

458,934 

561,722 

2 

NE  SE 

20 

8 

7 

392 

406 

—  14 

56 

341,680 

272,467 

11 

SW  SE 

20 

8 

7 

385 

392 

*** 
- i 

56 

348,543 

313.751 

9 

NE  SE 

36 

9 

5 

417 

96 

321 

84 

255, 623 

326, 497 

8 

SE  NE 

17 

9 

6 

373 

261 

112 

87 

494,528 

677, 422 

1 

Big  Creek  Coal  Co. 

SE  NE 

34 

8 

1 

408 

334 

74 

66 

235,151 

231,919 

14 

SE  SW 

32 

9 

6 

390 

40 

350 

114 

a 

4,205 

20 

C  NE 

36 

8 

6 

384 

313 

71 

78 

384,555 

366,857 

3 

SW  SE 

33 

9 

5 

.... 

40 

.... 

60 

176,351 

223,665 

16 

•  •  •  • 

4.496,034 

5, 633, 73 

Crescent  Coal  Co. 

SW  SW 

16 

9 

8 

362 

| 

t  32 

330 

55 

1 

b 

24,031 

3 

SE  SE 

18 

9 

8 

377 

94 

283 

56 

53,316 

154.527 

NE  NW 

23 

9 

8 

375 

Slope 

375 

51 

62,829 

60,179 

1 

! 

.... 

116,145 

188.737 

•  •  •  • 

.... 

•  •  •  • 

- — 

4,612.179 

1 

5.822.476 

a  New  mine 


b  Not  operating. 


INTRODUCTION 


11 


Acknowledgments 

This  report  for  District  V  is  one  of  a  series  on  the  coal  resources 
and  on  mining  practice  prepared  by  the  State  Geological  Survey  in 
cooperation  with  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Illinois  and  with  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines.  The  districts 
examined  and  the  scope  of  the  Investigations  are  defined  in  Bulletin 
1,  A  Preliminary  Report  on  Organization  and  Method  of  Investi¬ 
gations. 

The  material  comprising  the  report  represents  a  compilation  of 
data  from  various  sources.  A  large  part  of  the  area  was  surveyed 
in  detail  by  members  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  in  cooperation 
with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  preparation  for  publication  as 
folios  of  the  geological  atlas  or  as  bulletins  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey.  This  field  work  was  done  previous  to  1912  by  Messrs.  F.  W. 
DeWolf,  A.  J.  Ellis,  and  G.  H.  Gady,  and  during  1918  by  Mr.  Charles 
Butts.  Liberal  use  has  been  made  of  the  results  of  these  investi¬ 
gations. 

The  notes  of  Messrs.  K.  D.  White  and  F.  H.  Kay,  taken  in 
1912  in  the  mines  selected  for  field  observation  under  the  cooperative 
agreement,  have  been  of  special  assistance. 

As  is  commonly  true  throughout  the  coal  field,  there  has  been 
kindly  cooperation  with  the  work  of  the  Survey  on  the  part  of  min¬ 
ing  men.  Much  of  the  information  in  regard  to  the  district  is 
based  upon  drilling  records  made  available  for  study  by  the  operators, 
and  mines  have  been  opened  freely  to  members  of  the  Investigations. 

Previous  Investigations 

The  published  results  of  earlier  geologic  investigation  in  the 
region  are  listed  below : 

Worthen,  A.  H.,  Coal  Measures  and  Lower  Carboniferous  limestones: 
Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  Vol.  Ill,  Chap.  1,  pp.  1-19,  1868. 

- ,  Coal  Measures:  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  Vol.  VI,  Chap.  1,  pp.  1-8, 

1875. 

Cox,  E.  T.,  Gallatin  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  Vol.  VI,  Chap.  XVII, 
pp.  197-219,  1875. 

- ,  Saline  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  Vol.  VI,  Chap.  XVIII, 

pp.  220-234,  1875. 

Nickles,  J.  M.,  Geological  section — St.  Louis  to  Shawneetown:  Kept, 
of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World’s  Fair  Commissioners,  pp.  155-176,  1895. 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  Coal  investigations  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  field,  Illinois, 
and  the  adjoining  area:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  316,  pp.  116-136,  1906. 
Reprinted:  Ill.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  pp.  211-229,  1907. 

- ,  Coal  investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson  counties, 

Illinois:  Ill.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  pp.  230-245,  1907. 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


I  6 


Fig.  2. — Sketch  map  showing  area  of  alluvial  plains  in  District  V. 


INTRODUCTION 


13 


Geography 

District  V  includes  primarily  the  mining  districts  centering 
around  Galatia,  Eldorado,  Harrisburg  and  Carriers  Mills  in  Saline 
County  and  around  Equality  in  Gallatin  County.  For  convenience 
in  description  and  mapping  the  arbitrary  limits  of  the  district  on  the 
north,  east,  and  west  are  taken  as  the  county  boundaries,  'ho  the 
south  the  district  is  defined  by  the  outcrop  of  No.  5  coal.  Practically 
nothing  is  known  concerning  the  coal  resources  of  the  low  land  bor¬ 
dering  the  Wabash  and  Ohio  rivers  in  R.  10  E.  (New  Haven  and 
Shawnee  townships)  so  that  in  reality  so  far  as  our  knowledge  goes 
the  district  is  limited  on  the  east  by  the  west  boundary  of  these 
townships. 

Although  by  definition  the  outcrop  of  No.  5  coal  is  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  district  the  coals  below  No.  5  and  the  structure 
characteristic  of  the  district  probably  continue  uninterruptedly  a  few 
miles  farther  south  to  the  line  of  faulting  marked  by  the  hilly  country 
known  locally  as  the  “mountains”.  This  line  of  faulting  forms  the 
structural  southern  boundary  of  this  area  and  of  the  Illinois  coal  basin 
as  a  whole. 

The  district  lies  entirely  within  the  drainage  basin  of  Saline 
River  but  is  not  coextensive  with  it.  In  no  direction  does  the  dis¬ 
trict  reach  the  watershed.  Bordering  the  river  and  its  tributaries  are 
broad  alluvial  plains  (fig.  2)  similar  to  those  along  Big  Muddy  River 
and  its  tributaries  in  District  VI  and  thought  by  some  investigators 
to  be  lake  deposits.1  These  level  plains  lie  at  elevations  between  360 
and  400  feet  above  sea  level  and  comprise  about  one-half  of  the  sur¬ 
face  of  the  area.  Upstream  the  valley  flats  become  narrow  and  finger 
into  uplands  having  summit  altitudes  rarely  over  600  feet  above  sea 
level.  The  upland  areas  are  characterized  by  gentle  slopes,  rock  cliffs 
of  any  height  being  very  unusual,  so  that  there  is  no  part  of  the 
district  that  is  not  easily  accessible  to  railroads.  Isolated  hills,  such 
as  Equality  and  Hickory  Hills,  here  and  there  rise  above  the  plains 
which  entirely  surround  them. 

The  Shawneetown  hills,  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  dis¬ 
trict  and  lying  north  of  Shawneetown,  partake  somewhat  of  the 
character  of  the  hilly  country  to  the  south  of  the  district.  This  range 
of  hills  is  composed  of  rock  at  least  toward  the  east  end,  and  the  north 
and  east  slopes  are  relatively  steep.  The  greater  part  of  the  hills, 
however,  is  covered  by  a  thick  mantle  of  loess  or  yellow  clay,  entirely 
hiding  the  rock.  The  steepness  of  the  east  end  of  the  range  is  prob- 

i  Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geol.  Srirvey  Geol.  Atlas,  Murphys- 
boro-Herrin  folio  (No.  185),  p  12.  1912. 


14 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


ably  due  to  undercutting  at  some  time  by  Ohio  River.  Similarly 
the  north  bluff  may  be  steep  because  of  undercutting  by  some  river, 
or  it  may  in  part  be  due  to  faulting,  just  as  the  bluffs  along  the  south¬ 
ern  edge  of  the  district  are  fault  bluffs.  Drilling  has  not  been  dis¬ 
tributed  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  satisfactorily  the  relative  position 
of  strata  in  the  hills  and  in  the  lowland  immediately  to  the  north. 

The  surface  configuration  of  most  of  the  district  bears  no  close 
relation  to  the  lithology  or  structure  of  the  underlying  rocks.  It  is 
possible,  however,  that  the  greater  altitude  of  some  of  the  rolling 
country  along  the  west  side  of  Saline  County  is  due  to  the  outcrop  of 
one  of  the  massive  widespread  sandstones  commonly  found  in  the 
Pennsylvanian  section,  200  to  300  feet  above  No.  6  (Herrin)  coal. 
In  western  Saline  County  the  limestone  overlying  No.  6  coal  and 
the  coal  itself  are  sufficiently  resistant  to  erosion  to  produce  an  escarp¬ 
ment  along  the  north  side  of  the  valley  of  South  Fork  of  Saline  River. 
This  slope  can  be  traced  with  some  gaps  from  Harrisburg  nearly 
to  Marion  in  Williamson  County,  and  it  continuously  marks  the  out¬ 
crop  of  No.  6  coal.1 

The  development  of  the  region  and  of  the  coal  resources  seems 
to  have  little  relation  to  the  topography.  Since  an  early  date  local 
drift  mines  and  shallow  shafts  have  worked  No.  6  coal  at  numerous 
places  along  the  escarpment  facing  South  Fork  valley.  In  places  No.  5 
coal  has  also  been  worked  at  the  outcrop  farther  south  in  the  same 
valley.  The  chief  factor,  however,  in  the  disposition  of  the  shipping 
mines  has  not  been  topographic  features,  but  the  locations  of  the 
railroads,  and  of  these  especially  the  Big  Four  Railway.  Fifteen 
out  of  seventeen  of  the  commercial  mines  of  Saline  County  which 
produced  coal  in  the  fiscal  year  1915-1916  were  located  along  this 
railroad.  Three  of  these  mines  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Eldorado  and 
the  others  are  distributed  as  far  south  as  Carriers  Mills.  Of  the  two 
other  mines,  one  is  located  at  Galatia  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
and  the  other  miles  southeast  of  Eldorado  on  the  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railroad. 

Surface  Deposits 

Although  surface  configuration  reflects  but  slightly  the  structure 
and  lithology  of  the  indurated  strata,  it  is  an  immediate  indication 
of  the  character  of  the  deposits  overlying  the  hard  rocks.  That  is, 
upon  the  hills  above  an  elevation  of  about  400  feet  the  surface  soil, 
glacial  drift,  or  other  uncemented  material  is  commonly  thin,  rarely 
being  over  30  feet  in  thickness  and  usually  less.  This  sort  of  material 

1  Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VI:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investiga¬ 
tions  Bull.  15,  1915. 


INTRODUCTION 


15 


does  not  hinder  the  development  of  the  coal  resources,  except  as  it 
conceals  the  bed  rock  and  obscures  the  outcrops. 

Beneath  the  river  plains,  on  the  other  hand,  the  depth  of  the  ma¬ 
terial  above  the  rock  is  variable,  in  places  exceeding  100  feet.  More¬ 
over  the  material  underlying  the  river  flats  is  not  uncommonly  sandy 
and  water  soaked,  and  therefore  of  such  a  character  as  to  give 
trouble  in  shaft  sinking.  Accordingly  special  attention  is  directed 
to  the  variation  in  thickness  of  the  deposits  underlying  the  river  or 
alluvial  plains,  due  to  the  irregularities  in  the  rock  floor  of  the  valleys. 
Because  of  these  irregularities  it  is  difficult  to  predict  the  thickness 
of  the  roof  for  some  distance  north  of  an  outcrop  of  a  coal  bed  beneath 
a  heavy  deposit  of  silt  and  sand  in  the  larger  valleys.  Many  irregu¬ 
larities  in  coal  beds,  commonly  known  by  miners  as  “faults”,  are 
buried  erosion  channels.  It  is  possible  for  the  engineer  to  avoid  them 
or  at  least  to  become  cognizant  of  their  existence  by  preliminary 
drilling,  especially  if  he  has  an  appreciation  of  the  character  of  the 
bed-rock  topography  and  the  nature  of  the  material  lying  in  the 
valleys. 

Special  attention  is  directed  to  the  large  area  of  low  land  border¬ 
ing  Wabash  River  in  eastern  Gallatin  County  north  of  Shawneetown, 
lying  largely  in  New  Haven  Township.  The  liability  of  floods  in  this 
area  as  well  as  the  character  of  the  filling,  its  probable  water-soaked 
condition,  and  its  uncertain  thickness  will  probably  postpone  the  ex¬ 
ploitation  of  coal  in  this  part  of  the  district  for  many  years,  or  until 
drainage  conditions  are  improved. 

The  character  of  the  valley  deposits  as  well  as  their  thickness 
is  illustrated  by  the  following  sections  based  upon  well  records.  The 
general  character  of  these  beds  is  similar  to  the  deposits  in  the  Big 
Muddy  basin.  It  is  not  improbable  that  where  streams  flow  across  the 
deeply  filled  alluvial  flats,  or  lake  beds  as  they  have  been  called,  a  large 
part  of  the  drainage  is  underground,  the  gravel  and  sands  being  rather 
abundant  aquifers.  For  this  reason  shaft  sinking  on  the  valley  flats 
is  commonly  preceded  by  drilling  to  bed  rock  to  determine  the  thick¬ 
ness  of  the  fill  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  quicksand  and  water¬ 
bearing  gravels. 


Sections  of  the  surface  deposits  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  coal  district 


Thickness 

Depth 

Feet 

Feet 

SW.  14  NW.  14  sec.  18,  T.  7  S.,  R.  10  E. 

Well  of  M.  E.  Dagley. 

3.  Clay,  yellow . 

.  18 

18 

2.  Mud,  blue,  and  small  stones . 

.  16 

34 

1.  Quicksand  . . . 

.  26 

60 

16 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


SW.  *4  NE.  14  sec.  16,  T.  7  S.,  R.  9  E. 

Well  dug  mostly  in  blue  mud;  logs  at  a  depth  of  35  feet. 

Total  depth  about  60  feet . 

NW.  14  SW.  14  sec.  20,  T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E. 

4.  Clay  red .  10  10 

3.  Quicksand  .  2  12 

2.  Mud,  blue  .  6  18 

1.  Quicksand;  red  at  top  and  with  small  gravel .  20  38 

NW.  14  NW.  14  sec.  36,  T.  8  S„  R.  10  E. 

Well  of  W.  Maloney. 

5.  Sand .  6  6 

4.  Clay,  yellow;  some  gravel .  5  11 

3.  Quicksand  .  14  25 

2.  Mud,  blue,  old  stick,  etc .  85  110 

1.  Gravel  .  10  120 

SE.  14  NW.  14  sec.  1,  T.  9  S.,  R.  8  E. 

Coal  test  on  L.  Drone  farm. 

3.  Clay,  yellow .  17  17 

2.  Quicksand  .  18  35 

1.  Mud,  blue  .  32  67 

NW.  14  NE.  14  sec.  10,  T.  9  S.,  R.  8  E. 

Well  on  Moore  farm. 

3.  Soil  and  yellow  clay .  5  5 

2.  Quicksand  .  2  7 

1.  Mud,  blue  .  23  30 

SW.  14  NW.  14  sec.  9,  T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E. 

Well  on  the  farm  of  George  Belt. 

5.  Soil  .  5  5 

4.  Quicksand  .  4  9 

3.  Mud,  blue,  sticky .  20  29 

2.  Gravel  .  V2  29 y2 

1.  Quicksand  . .  +  2914  + 

SE.  14  NE.  14  sec.  7,  T.  8  S.,  R.  7  E. 

Well. 

4.  soil  and  clay .  14  14 

3.  Sand,  white  . 7  21 

2.  Clay,  joint,  cream  to  yellow .  6  27 

1.  Clay,  blue,  tough . . .  18+  45  + 


CHAPTER  II— GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


Stratigraphy 

GENERAL  GEOLOGIC  RELATIONS 

The  Pennsylvanian  series  (“Coal  Measures”)  which  contains  all 
the  known  coal  beds  of  the  State,  underlies  the  entire  area,  resting 
unconformably  upon  the  Mississippian  rocks  and  overlain  by  uncon¬ 
solidated  alluvium  or  glacial  till  as  already  described.  The  relation¬ 
ships  are  similar  in  all  respects  to  those  that  obtain  in  District  VI1 
and  District  VII.2  The  rocks  which  make  up  the  Illinois  “Coal 
Measures”  consist  of  a  succession  of  sandstones  and  shales  of  differ¬ 
ent  thicknesses,  and  minor  amounts  of  coal,  clay,  and  limestone.  A 
total  thickness  of  about  2,000  feet  is  known  in  this  district..  To  the 
north  and  west  the  series  is  thinner. 

In  its  larger  divisions  the  succession  of  strata  of  the  Pennsyl¬ 
vanian  section  in  District  V  is  the  same  as  that  found  to  the  west  in 
District  VI  and  still  farther  west  in  District  VII.  Studies  of  many 
drilling  records  have  demonstrated  a  remarkable  persistence  of  cer¬ 
tain  beds  which  make  possible  rather  detailed  correlation  entirely 
across  southern  Illinois  and  farther  south  and  east  into  Kentucky 
and  Indiana. 

The  Illinois  “Coal  Measures”  are  divided  into  three  formations 
all  of  which  are  represented  in  District  VI.  In  ascending  order  these 
are  the  Pottsville  formation,  the  Carbondale  formation,  and  the  Mc- 
Leansboro  formation.  The  Pottsville  includes  that  part  of  the  Penn¬ 
sylvanian  series  which  lies  below  No.  2  (Murphysboro  or  LaSalle) 
coal,  the  Carbondale  is  represented  by  the  portion  between  the  base 
of  No.  2  coal  and  the  top  of  No.  6  (Herrin  or  Belleville)  coal,  and 
the  McLeansboro  formation  includes  all  the  “Coal  Measures”  lying- 
above  No.  6  coal. 

SECTIONS  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIAN  STRATA 

The  accompanying  illustration  (PI.  II)  shows  graphically  a  num¬ 
ber  of  sections  based  upon  drilling  records  and  exposures  located  in 
southern  Illinois  and  western  Kentucky.  The  diagram  compares 

1  Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VI:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investiga¬ 
tions  Bull.  15,  1916. 

2  Kay,  F.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VII:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investiga¬ 
tions  Bull.  11.  1915. 


(17) 


18 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


graphically  the  succession  of  strata  in  southeastern  Illinois  and  the 
Kentucky  part  of  the  Shawneetown  quadrangle.  The  sections  are 
lined  up  on  the  base  of  No.  6  coal,  to  enable  ready  comparison  between 
different  parts  of  the  sections.  Any  other  coal  would  serve  as  well 
in  all  probability.  The  section  assigned  to  western  Kentucky  is 
graphically  reproduced  from  a  recent  report  by  Wallace  Lee1  for  the 
Kentucky  Geological  Survey. 

POTTSYILLE  FORMATION 

The  Pottsville  of  southern  Illinois  is  mostly  sandstone  and  sandy 
shale  and  has  a  total  thickness  of  about  800  to  1000  feet.  In  the 
description  of  this  formation  contained  in  the  report  on  District  VI  2 3 
it  was  stated  that  the  seven  sandstone  horizons  described  by  Shaw  and 
Savage  ::  might  possibly  be  united  farther  eastward  into  three  heavy 
beds.  Studies  of  the  succession  in  this  district  (District  V)  substan¬ 
tiate  this  supposition  for  it  is  possible  to  identify  three  heavy  sandstone 
beds  separated  variously  by  sandy  shale,  gray  shale,  and  thin  beds  of 
coal.  Limestone  seems  to  be  developed  rarely  in  the  Pottsville  forma¬ 
tion,  but  it  is  not  unknown,  occurring  associated  with  the  shaly  beds 
lying  between  the  sandstones. 

The  best  section  of  the  Pottsville  in  this  area  is  obtained  from  the 
core  of  a  drilling  put  down  at  New  Haven  some  years  ago.  This  core 
was  examined  by  Professor  T.  E.  Savage  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
and  State  Geological  Survey,  and  the  result  of  his  examination  is  a 
very  accurate  description  of  the  stratigraphic  succession  of  the  Car- 
bondale  and  Pottsville  formations  at  that  place.  The  very  sandy  char¬ 
acter  of  the  formation  can  best  be  appreciated  by  examination  of 
Plate  II,  No.  8,  where  the  record  is  shown  graphically. 

The  graphic  reproduction  of  the  New  Haven  record  shows  at  the 
base  of  the  Pottsville  formation  a  succession  of  “Coal  Measures”  shales 
containing  a  thin  bed  of  coal.  The  exact,  position  of  the  base  of  the 
Pennsylvania  rocks  cannot  be  determined,  but  it  is  thought  to  be  be¬ 
tween  the  coal  and  the  top  of  the  first  underlying  limestone.  Above 
the  basal  shaly  beds  is  a  massive  sandstone  00  to  100  feet  thick  which 
is  followed  by  a  series  of  shales  about  30  feet  thick  containing  a  bed 
of  black  “slate”.  There  next  follows  a  series  of  beds  about  60  feet 


1  Lee,  Wallace,  Geology  of  the  Kentucky  part  of  the  Shawr^etov  quad¬ 
rangle.  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  1916. 

2  Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VI :  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  15,  p.  20,  1915. 

3  Shaw,  E.  W„  and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Muphysboro- 
Herrin  Folio  (No.  185),  p.  6,  1912. 


'  •,  •  •  V 

_ 

—  a 


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Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  Plate  V 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


19 


thick  consisting  largely  of  sandstone  but  with  a  few  shale  partings. 
This  is  overlain  by  15  to  20  feet  of  shale  containing  a  coal  bed.  Above 
the  coal  is  a  massive  sandstone  about  200  feet  thick,  and  this  is  over- 
lain  by  shale  beds  containing  thin  layers  of  coal  to  a  thickness  of  about 
70  feet.  A  third  massive  sandstone  about  80  feet  in  thickness  is  next 
in  the  section.  This  is  followed  by  alternating  beds  of  sandstone,  sandy 
shale,  clay  shale,  and  coal  for  about  300  feet.  No.  2  coal  and  the  top 
of  the  Pottsville  formation  is  found  about  110  feet  above  the  80-foot 
sandstone. 

On  Plate  II  there  is  some  attempt  made  to  correlate  the  strata 
below  No.  2  coal  as  reported  in  several  wells  drilled  in  southeastern 
Illinois  with  the  section  outcropping  in  Union  County,  Kentucky,  as 
described  by  Wallace  Lee.1  These  correlations  are  not  conclusive  and 
doubtless  will  need  to  be  revised  when  the  results  of  investigations 
made  by  Mr.  Charles  Butts  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  the  Illi¬ 
nois  part  of  the  Shawneetown  Quadrangle  become  available.  Inves¬ 
tigations  in  the  Eagle  valley  region  south  of  the  Shawneetown  fault 
lead  to  the  belief  that  there  are  certain  coals  in  the  Pottsville  forma¬ 
tion  in  that  area  which  may  be  correctly  correlated  with  Pottsville 
coals  found  in  Union  County,  Kentucky.  Following  the  correct  inter¬ 
pretation  of  this  Eagle  Valley  section  it  may  be  possible  to  identify 
some  of  the  Pottsville  coals  found  in  the  drill  holes  within  the  area  of 
District  Y ;  at  present,  however,  such  correlation  is  not  practicable. 

It  is  important  for  the  prospector  to  have  in  mind  the  lenticular 
character  of  these  Pottsville  beds,  and  the  possibility  of  local  develop¬ 
ment  of  such  coal  beds  to  commercial  thickness  which  justifies  continu¬ 
ing  a  hole  to  the  base  of  the  coal-bearing  rocks  in  an  area  not  previ¬ 
ously  tested.  Furthermore,  the  character  of  the  Pottsville  sandstones 
is  such  that  under  proper  conditions  of  structure  they  may  be  reservoirs 
of  oil  and  gas. 

Correlation. — From  collections  of  fossil  plants  made  from  the 
shale  of  the  Pottsville  formation  in  the  Murphysboro  quadrangle 
(Jackson  County)  and  elsewhere,  David  White  is  able  to  say  that  the 
rocks  between  the  top  of  the  Chester  group  of  the  Mississippian  series 
and  the  base  of  No.  2  coal  are  to  be  correlated  with  the  Pottsville 
formation  of  Pennsylvania.  Both  middle  and  upper  Pottsville  beds  are 
present. 

CARBONDALE  FORMATION 

Definition  and  general  description. — The  Carbondale  formation  of 
District  V  is  similar  to  the  Carbondale  formation  of  District  VI  as 

1  Lee.  Wallace,  Geology  of  the  Kentucky  part  of  the  Shawneetown  Quad¬ 
rangle:  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  pp.  16-29,  1916. 


20 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


described  in  Bulletin  15, 1  the  two  districts  being  a  part  of  the  same 
basin  of  deposition. 

In  Bulletin  15  the  following  coal  beds  of  the  Carbondale  forma¬ 
tion  were  listed:  (1)  No.  2  coal  at  the  base;  (2)  a  thin  lenticular  bed 
(  No.  3  coal?)  40  to  60  feet  above  No.  2  coal;  (3)  a  1-foot  lenticular 
bed  100  to  110  feet  below  No.  5  coal ;  (4)  a  persistent  bed  (No.  4  coal  ?) 
2  to  5  feet  in  thickness  about  <0  feet  below  No.  5  coal;  (5)  No.  5  coal; 
(6)  No.  5 A  coal,  a  thin  coal  or  a  group  of  thin  coals  midway  between 
No.  5  coal  and  No.  6  coal;  and  (T)  No.  6  coal.  This  same  series  of 
coals  persists  into  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  with  about  the  same 
intervals  and  thicknesses. 

Sections  of  the  Carbondale  formation. — The  Survey  possesses  two 
exceptionally  good  sections  of  the  Carbondale  formation,  one  of 
which  is  in  the  log  of  the  New  Haven  drill  core  shown  graphically 
as  No.  8,  Plate  II,  and  the  other  in  the  log  of  the  diamond-drill  core 
of  a  boring  located  in  Brushy  Township  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.)  shown  as 
No.  4,  Plate  III.  Part  of  each  of  these  two  records  and  several  others 
are  shown  in  Plate  III,  which  is  a  series  of  graphic  sections  showing 
the  character  of  the  Carbondale  formation  from  west  to  east  across 
the  district.  This  plate  is  a  continuation  to  the  east  of  Plate  I,  Cooper¬ 
ative  Bulletin  15,  and  comparison  of  the  two  illustrations  shows  that 
the  stratigraphy  of  the  two  areas  is  about  the  same  for  this  part  of  the 
Pennsylvanian  system. 

Thickness  and  kinds  of  strata. — The  Carbondale  section  in  Dis¬ 
trict  Y  has  a  thickness  of  about  350  to  400  feet,  which  is  about  50  feet 
more  than  in  the  district  to  the  west.  There  is  some  reason  for  be¬ 
lieving  that  most  of  this  difference  in  thickness  can  be  accounted  for 
in  the  interval  between  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals,  which  is  about  50  feet 
greater  in  this  district  than  in  District  VI. 

Of  the  coals  of  the  Carbondale  formation  listed  in  a  preceding 
paragraph,  only  No.  5  and  No.  6  are  known  to  be  of  economic  im¬ 
portance  in  this  area.  It  is  not  improbable,  however,  that  some  time 
the  lower  beds  will  be  exploited,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
area  where  they  approach  the  surface. 

The  records  reproduced  in  Plate  III  are  nearly  the  extent  of 
information  concerning  the  character  and  succession  of  strata  in  the 
Carbondale  formation  below  No.  5  coal.  Concerning  the  upper  part  of 
the  formation,  however,  there  is  much  more  information,  based  upon 
the  records  of  between  250  and  300  drill  holes,  most  of  which  pene¬ 
trate  both  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals.  Of  the  strata  intervening  between 
the  coal  beds  the  larger  part,  possibly  95  per  cent,  is  sandstone  or 

1  Cady,  G.  H..  Coal  resources  of  District  VI.  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  15,  p.  21,  1916. 


Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  III 


12  3  4 


5  6 


7  8 


ooaU  —  — 


coaL—  —  — 


9  10  11 


12 


LEGEND 


ir 


Limestone 


Shale 


Sandstone 


Black  shale 

e 


Coal 


Fire  clay 

m 


Calcareous  sandstone 


Calcareous  shale 


Sandy  shale 


Shaly  sandstone 


Plate  III.  Graphic  sections  showing  the  Carbondale  succession  in  District  V 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


21 


sandy  shale.  Limestone  is  not  common,  and  such  beds  as  are  encount¬ 
ered  by  the  drill  are  only  2  or  3  feet  thick. 

The  data  available  from  drilling  records  in  regard  to  the  character 
of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  are  presented  in  Table  8.  Inspection  of  the 
table  shows  that  the  roof  of  the  coal  is  commonly  a  dark  shale  over- 
lain  by  gray  shale,  which  is  in  turn  overlain  by  sandstone  and  sandy 
shale.  The  sandy  shale  or  sandstone  commonly  continues  up  to  the 
intermediate  No.  5 A  coal,  or  when  this  is  absent  up  to  the  beds  lying 
a  few  feet  below  No.  6  coal.  These  latter  beds  consist  of  limestone 
and  the  door  clay  of  the  coal  bed.  The  limestone  is  5  feet  or  less 
in  thickness,  and  is  commonly  found  only  in  the  west  side  of  the  dis¬ 
trict,  especially  in  Galatia,  Raleigh  and  Brushy  townships  (T.  8  S., 
Rs.  5  and  (5  E.,  and  T.  9  S.,  R.  5  E.) 

In  its  effect  upon  coal  mining  one  of  the  most  important  strata 
in  the  Carbondale  section  is  a  sandstone  which  occupies  what  seems 
to  have  been  a  channel  running  southward  through  the  central  part 
of  the  district  in  the  west  side  of  Raleigh  and  Harrisburg  townships 
(Ts.  8  and  9  S.,  R.  6  E.).  This  channel  was  apparently  formed  and 
filled  before  the  deposition  of  No.  6  coal  and  probably  during  or  after 
the  deposition  of  No.  5  coal.  The  position  of  the  channel  so  far  as 
it  can  be  determined  by  the  available  drill  records  is  shown  by  stippling 
on  the  structure  map  (PI.  I).  The  sandstone  mass  which  fills  the  chan¬ 
nel  is  lenticular  in  cross  section  and  lies  across  the  horizon  of  No.  5 
coal,  so  that  where  it  occurs  the  coal  is  absent.  It  has  a  maximum 
known  thickness  of  about  100  feet  and  the  base  of  the  lens  extends 
possibly  to  a  depth  of  50  feet  below  the  horizon  of  No.  5  coal. 

The  northward  extension  of  this  channel  sandstone  has  not  been 
determined.  There  are  apparently  two  branches  in  that  direction  or 
else  the  width  of  the  deposit  greatly  increases.  Certain  irregular  con¬ 
ditions  recently  encountered  in  No.  5  coal  in  the  mine  at  Galatia  sug¬ 
gest  that  possibly  the  sandstone  “fault”  as  it  is  called  may  be  present 
to  the  east  of  this  mine. 

Drillers  operating  in  the  east  half  of  Galatia  and  Brushy  town¬ 
ships  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.),  and  in  the  west  half  of  Raleigh  Township 
(T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.)  should  be  aware  of  the  possibility  that  No.  5  coal 
may  be  cut  out  by  a  massive  sandstone  or  sandy  shale  in  these  locali¬ 
ties.  Where  such  omission  occurs  the  interval  between  No.  6  coal  and 
the  coal  next  underlying  No.  5 A  coal  amounts  to  about  60  feet  more 
than  the  usual  interval  between  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals.  The  coal 
thus  encountered  should  be  correlated  not  with  No.  5  but  with  No.  4 
coal,  the  2-  to  5-foot  bed  commonly  found  60  to  75  feet  below  No.  5, 


LEGEND 


22 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


23 

as  is  shown  in  the  graphic  sections  presented  in  figure  3.  To  illustrate 
the  case  at  hand,  the  reader  is  referred  to  a  graphic  reproduction  of  a 

drilling  record  shown  in  figure  3  (No.  1).  This  hole  penetrates  the 
channel  sandstone  and  the  record  shows  the  general  relation  of  No.  G 
and  No.  5 A  coals  and  also  shows  the  next  coal  below,  which,  following 
the  terminology  of  Worthen,  may  be  called  No.  4  coal.  The  approxi¬ 
mate  horizon  of  No.  5  coal  is  indicated. 

Two  other  sandstone  lentils  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Carbondale 
formation  are  recognizable  in  places.  In  the  central  and  eastern  parts 
of  the  area  there  is  a  widespread  sandstone,  which  increases  in  thick¬ 
ness  eastward,  lying  between  No.  5 A  and  No.  6  coals.  This  sandstone 
forms  the  crest  of  the  range  of  hills  west  of  Equality  in  secs.  23  and  24, 
Cottage  Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.).  In  the  western  part  of  the 
district  in  Galatia,  Brushy,  and  Carriers  Mills  townships  (Ts.  8  and 
9  S.,  R.  5  E.),  a  lenticular  sandstone  lies  approximately  at  the  horizon 
of  No.  5A  coal.  Neither  of  these  sandstones  has  any  special  economic 
significance. 

Correlation. — From  a  study  of  the  fossil  plants  found  in  the  coal 
seams  and  associated  strata  in  the  State,  David  White  concludes  that 
No.  2  coal  is  the  lowest  coal  bed  in  Illinois  that  falls  within  the  time 
interval  of  the  Allegheny  formation  of  Pennsylvania.  He  also  con¬ 
cludes  that  No.  6  coal  may  be  of  Freeport  age,  possibly  as  high  in 
the  stratigraphic  column  as  the  Upper  Freeport  coal,  which  is  the 
uppermost  layer  of  the  Allegheny  formation  in  the  Appalachian  region. 
From  these  correlations  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Carbondale  forma¬ 
tion  corresponds  in  time  in  a  general  way  to  the  Allegheny  formation 
of  the  Appalachian  coal  basin. 


MCLEANSRORO  FORMATION 

Definition  and  general  description. — The  McFeansboro  forma¬ 
tion  includes  all  the  “Coal  Measures”  rocks  above  No.  6  coal.  It 
takes  its  name  from  McFeansboro,  Hamilton  County,  Illinois,  where 
borings  have  penetrated  it  to  a  depth  of  one  thousand  feet.  It  under¬ 
lies  the  entire  region  north  of  the  outcrop  of  No.  6  coal  and  in  most 
places  js  covered  by  glacial  drift. 

The  formation  consists  largely  of  shale  with  minor  amounts  of 
sandstone,  limestone,  and  coal.  Drilling  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
district  is  not  sufficiently  well  distributed  to  allow  safe  generalization 
concerning  that  part  of  the  section  more  than  about  400  feet  above 
No.  6  coal,  but  such  records  as  are  available  show  a  general  similarity 
with  the  section  as  revealed  by  drilling  in  Williamson  and  Franklin 


24 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


counties.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  formation  sandstones  occupy  a  some¬ 
what  more  prominent  place  than  they  do  in  the  district  to  the  west. 

Correlation. — Although  several  of  the  coals  above  No.  6  are  per¬ 
sistent,  none  has  been  found  sufficiently  thick  to  be  of  commercial 
value.  They  are  significant  only  as  correlation  horizons.  In  its  barren¬ 
ness  of  productive  coals  and  in  general  age,  the  McLeansboro  is  similar 
to  the  Conemaugh  formation  of  Pennsylvania. 

Sections  of  the  McLeansboro  formation. — Knowledge  of  the  Mc¬ 
Leansboro  formation  is  obtained  from  a  large  number  of  drill  records 
which  are  rather  unevenly  distributed  throughout  the  district.  Within 
Saline  County  alone  there  are  available  between  250  and  300  records 
which  show  part  of  the  McLeansboro  formation,  and  these,  as  shown 
by  the  structure  map,  Plate  I,  are  for  most  part  in  Ts.  8  and  9  S., 
Rs.  5,  6,  and  7  E.  These  townships  are  probably  more  thoroughly  ex¬ 
plored  by  the  drill  than  any  other  area  of  similar  size  in  the  mining 
districts  of  the  State.  In  Gallatin  County  there  are  only  about  20 
records  in  all.  Seven  of  these  are  oil  prospects  and  were  drilled  by  a 
churn  drill,  and  hence  are  practically  worthless  in  this  study.  Of  the 
Gallatin  County  records,  then,  less  than  10  furnish  reliable  informa¬ 
tion  in  regard  to  the  McLeansboro  formation.  The  record  of  the  New 
Haven  drilling  in  White  County  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Gallatin 
County  line  gives  the  best  data  concerning  the  McLeansboro  forma¬ 
tion  in  Gallatin  County.  This  record  has  been  previously  referred  to 
and  is  reproduced  graphically  as  No.  8  in  Plate  II.  The  record  of  a 
drilling  in  Brushy  Township  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.),  also  reproduced 
graphically  as  No.  4  in  Plate  II,  gives  an  excellent  section  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  McLeansboro  formation  which  is  very  typical  for  a  large 
part  of  the  district.  One  other  record  selected  more  or  less  at  random 
from  among  the  records  of  drilling  in  Brushy  Township  (T.  8  S., 
R.  5  E.),  is  reproduced  graphically  as  No.  5,  Plate  II,  to  illustrate  the 
similarity  of  the  section  in  different  places,  and  the  character  of  the 
succession. 

Distinctive  horizons. — Within  the  McLeansboro  formation  there 
are  several  strata  that  are  widespread  and  recognizable  throughout 
much  of  the  district.  These  include  sandstones,  limestones,  and  coal 
beds,  which  are  of  no  known  economic  importance  and  which,  with 
the  exception  of  those  lying  within  a  short  distance  above  No.  6  coal, 
have  no  immediate  bearing  upon  the  mining  industry.  For  the  sake  of 
satisfying  a  possible  interest  in  the  general  character  of  the  McLeans¬ 
boro  succession  the  following  list  of  identifiable  stratigraphic  units  is 
presented,  which  corresponds  in  general  with  the  lists  of  units  presented 
in  Bulletins  11  and  15  of  the  Cooperative  Series  for  Districts  VII1 


T-10S.  T.9S.  T.8S.-  T.7  S. 


Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  IV 


R.5  E. 


R.6E. 


R.9  E. 


_  j.  R.  10  E 

v\  lia'ven  A  (it 


•>{((* 

T.7  S. 


R.10E. 


Contours  on 
Coal  No.6 


Pr.ATi?  IV.  Map  of  District  V  showing  depth,  position,  and  distribution  of  No.  6  coal. 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


25 


and  VI1 2  respectively.  The  roof  of  No.  6  coal  is  described  in  detail 
in  the  chapter  on  economic  geology. 

Distinctive  horizons  of  the  McLeanshoro  formation 

.3.  Shoal  Creek  limestone;  about  400  feet  above  No.  6  coal;  generally  absent. 

12.  No.  9  (?)  coal;  commonly  less  than  1  foot  thick,  250  to  300  feet  above 
No.  6  coal. 

11.  Carlinville  limestone;  1  foot  2  inches  to  possibly  6  feet  thick,  about  50 
feet  below  No.  9  coal,  or  200  to  250  feet  above  No.  6  coal. 

10.  Sandstone;  commonly  50  to  60  feet  thick,  between  No.  9  and  No.  8  coals. 

9.  No. 8  ( ?)  coal;  in  two  beds  each  less  than  1  foot  in  thickness  and  35  to  50 
feet  apart,  about  135  to  180  feet  above  No.  6  coal. 

8.  Sandstone;  10  to  45  feet  thick  and  between  100  and  150  feet  above  No.  6 
coal. 

7.  Limestone;  2  to  4  feet  thick,  the  cap  rock  of  the  underlying  coal  bed. 

6.  Coal;  2  to  3  feet  thick,  widely  distributed,  70  to  90  feet  above  No.  6  coal. 

5.  Coal;  commonly  less  than  1  foot  in  thickness  and  in  places  in  two 
benches  separated  by  10  feet  or  less  of  shale;  40  to  70  feet  above  No.  6 
coal. 

4.  Limestone;  lenticular,  commonly  less  than  5  feet  thick,  and  within  25 
feet  of  the  coal  bed  overlying  the  Anvil  Rock  sandstone. 

3.  Anvil  Rock  (?)  sandstone;  a  widely  distributed  sandstone,  2  to  5  feet 
thick,  corresponding  in  position  to  the  Anvil  Rock  sandstone  of 
Kentucky. 

2.  No.  7  (?)  coal;  a  lenticular  thin  coal  lying  closely  above  the  top  of  the 
cap  rock  of  the  No.  6  coal. 

1.  Limestone;  cap  rock  of  No.  6  coal,  from  5  to  8  feet  in  thickness,  either 
lying  directly  upon  the  coal  or  separated  from  it  by  rarely  more  than 
15  feet  of  shale. 


Regional  Structure 

In  the  chapter  on  economic  geology,  details  of  the  structure  of  the 
coal  beds  as  observed  or  as  reported  to  exist  in  coal  mines  are  con¬ 
sidered.  This  part  of  the  report  attempts  to  indicate  only  the  general 
structural  characteristics  of  the  “Coal  Measures"  of  District  V. 

STRUCTURE  MAP 

The  significance  of  structure  and  the  method  of  preparation  of  a 
structure-contour  map  have  been  described  in  preceding  bulletins  of 
the  series.  By  structure  is  meant  the  “lay”  of  the  rock  strata ;  that  is, 
whether  they  are  flat-lying,  inclined,  folded,  or  broken  by  faults.  The 
structure-contour  map  is  constructed  as  an  engineer’s  contour  map, 

1  Kay.  F.  H..  Coal  resources  of  District  VII:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  11,  p.  23.  1915. 

2  Cady.  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VI.  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  15.  p.  29,  1916. 


26 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


from  observations  made  at  accurately  located  points  such  as  drill  holes, 
mines,  or  outcrops  where  the  elevation  of  the  coal  bed  or  whatever 
stratum  is  to  be  mapped,  is  determined.  In  these  investigations  the 
elevations  of  the  surfaces  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals  are  used  as  the 
bases  of  the  structure  maps  (Pis.  1,  IV,  and  V).  Upon  the  large  map 
(PI.  I)  the  location  of  those  holes,  the  surface  elevations  and  locations 
of  which  have  been  determined  by  members  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey  or  by  other  responsible  persons,  are  indicated  by  dots.  Other 
holes,  the  elevations  of  which  are  estimated  from  elevations  shown  on 
the  topographic  maps,  are  indicated  by  circles.  Churn  drill  holes  are 
indicated  by  dots  or  circles  with  vertical  bars,  and  prospects  for  oil 
by  dots  or  circles  with  both  horizontal  and  vertical  bars.  Records 
of  oil  prospects  have  been  of  little  service  in  the  preparation  of  this 
report  as  the  details  of  the  “Coal  Measures”  succession  are  not  reliable 
or  are  wanting. 

PARALLELISM  OF  “COAL  MEASURES"  STRATA 

The  large  features  of  structure  of  No.  5  and  No.  G  coals  are  essen¬ 
tially  parallel  and  are  thought  to  be  those  of  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  as 
a  whole.  The  beds  above  and  below  the  coals  parallel  the  coal  beds 
in  a  general  way,  so  that  the  structure  of  the  coal  beds  is  approximately 
the  same  as  the  srtucture  of  the  overlying  and  underlying  strata.  This 
is  especially  true  of  the  coal  and  limestone  members  of  the  “Coal 
Measures”  series  because  these  beds  are  thought  to  represent  horizontal 
depositions,  and  the  general  parallelism  of  successive  beds  is  to  be  ex¬ 
pected.  Sandstones  and  shale  beds  apparently  occur  in  places  as  the 
filling  of  channels;  hence  their  lower  surfaces  at  least  may  depart  from 
horizontality. 

Although  general  parallelism  of  “Coal  Measures”  strata  is  be¬ 
lieved  to  exist,  the  variations  in  interval  between  successive  coal  beds 
indicate  that  there  are  departures  from  parallelism.  The  unequal 
shrinkage  of  coal  beds  because  of  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  thickness 
of  the  original  body  of  peat  is  believed  to  be  an  important  cause  of  local 
variation  in  the  interval  between  coal  beds.  This  unequal  shrinkage 
possibly  causes  certain  coal  beds  to  depart  from  parallelism  to  the 
extent  of  50  to  75  feet  in  District  VI  to  the  west  and  in  this  district 
to  the  amount  of  25  to  50  feet.  Inasmuch  as  the  actual  variation  in 
the  altitude  of  the  coal  amounts  to  several  hundred  feet  the  effect 
of  these  slight  departures  from  parallelism  is  negligible  in  the  delinea¬ 
tion  of  the  regional  structure.  However  these  departures  from  paral¬ 
lelism  make  it  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  with  exactness  the  true 
detailed  structural  conditions  of  the  “Coal  Measures”,  and  produce 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


27 


differences  in  the  structure-contour  maps  of  successive  beds  such  as 
are  apparent  in  the  structure-contour  maps  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals 
(Pis.  I.  IV,  and  V).  These  maps  represent  the  lay  of  the  coal  beds 
within  certain  limits  of  error  due  to  inaccuracy  of  data.  They  do 
not,  however,  represent  the  structure  of  the  “Coal  Measures”  as  a 
whole  with  the  same  precision,  since  part  of  the  irregularities  shown 
arise  not  from  the  general  movements  that  have  affected  the  entire 
thickness  of  the  Pennsylvanian  but  are  due  to  those  causes  which 
produce  variations  in  interval  between  successive  beds  of  coal.  It  is 
believed  that  in  general  a  structure-contour  map  based  upon  a  coal 
low  in  the  section  is  a  more  accurate  delineation  of  “Coal  Measures” 
structure  as  a  whole  than  a  structure  map  based  upon  a  higher  coal, 
provided  both  coals  are  persistent,  and  readily  identifiable. 

It  has  been  found  in  the  study  of  the  regional  structure  of  the 
Illinois  coal  beds  that  not  only  are  the  coals  nearly  parallel,  but  also 
that  many  structures  of  the  “Coal  Measures”  strata  are  apparently 
shared  by  the  deeper  foundations.  It  is  therefore  possible  to  make  pre¬ 
dictions  of  the  presence  of  anticlines,  domes,  and  terraces  in  the  strata 
below  the  “Coal  Measures”  where  such  structures  are  indicated  on  the 
structure  map  of  an  overlying  coal  bed.  This  agreement  in  the  “lay” 
of  the  Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  has  made  possible 
the  location  of  several  of  the  important  oil-  and  gas-producing  areas 
of  the  State  from  a  study  of  the  coal  structure,  and  similar  studies  are 
the  basis  of  all  advice  given  by  the  Survey  relative  to  prospecting  in 
new  territory  within  the  coal  basin. 

STRUCTURE  OF  DISTRICT  V 
RELATION  TO  GENERAL  ILLINOIS  STRUCTURE 

The  “Coal  Measures”  of  Illinois  occupy  a  spoon-shaped  basin,  the 
deepest  part  of  which  is  in  Hamilton,  Wayne,  and  White  counties. 
The  long  axis  of  the  “spoon”  which  is  pointed  to  the  south  passes 
near  Olney  in  Richland  County  and  Lovington  in  Moultrie  County. 
The  district  under  consideration  lies  at  the  south  end  of  the  “spoon”, 
approximately  on  its  longer  axis.  The  general  dip  is  to  the  north, 
although  it  is  not  regular  but  varies  in  direction  and  degree,  and  is 
interrupted  by  faults. 

RELATION  TO  STRUCTURE  OF  DISTRICT  VI 

The  structural  features  of  District  V  are  very  similar  to  those 
of  District  VI  and  some  of  the  irregularities  of  that  area  continue  east¬ 
ward  into  District  V. 

District  VI  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  axis  of  the  Illinois  coal 


28 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


basin  so  that  the  general  dip  varies  from  northeast  on  the  west  side  of 
the  district  to  nearly  north  on  the  east  side,  where  it  joins  with  District 
V.  The  dip  is  gentle  and  the  rate  declines  fairly  uniformly  from 
about  100  feet  per  mile  in  Williamson  County  to  25  feet  or  less  per 
mile  in  Jefferson  County.  There  is,  however,  a  belt  of  irregular  struc¬ 
ture  about  2  miles  wide  which  crosses  the  district  from  near  the  Frank- 
lin-Williamson  county  line  on  the  west  and  crosses  the  east  boundary 
about  6  to  8  miles  south  of  the  County  line,  whence  it  continues  ap¬ 
parently  into  Saline  County.  The  strata  are  known  to  be  faulted 
in  certain  mines  in  the  west  part  of  the  district  lying  within  this  belt ;  it 
is  believed  probable  that  faults  will  eventually  be  discovered  in  the 
east  part  of  the  district  especially  in  the  south  half  of  T.  8  S.,  R.  3  E., 
the  south  half  of  T.  8  S.,  R.  4  E.,  and  north  half  of  T.  9  S.,  R.  4  E. 
There  is  abundant  evidence  to  indicate  that  this  belt  of  irregular 
structure  persists  into  District  Y  crossing  Saline  and  part  of  Gallatin 
County. 

STRUCTURAL  FEATURES  OF  DISTRICT  V 

In  the  following  description  of  the  structure  of  District  V  emphasis 
will  be  placed  upon  the  irregularities.  Jt  is  not  the  intention  thereby 
to  warn  the  investor  or  prospector  from  the  region.  The  fact  that  in 
most  of  the  district  the  coal  is  approximately  level  and  is  readily  acces¬ 
sible  to  mining  and  that  there  are  apparently  many  square  miles  of 
coal  uninterrupted  by  important  structural  irregularities  is  of  much 
more  significance  than  the  irregularities  that  affect  small  portions  of 
the  area.  Such  irregularities  as  do  exist  will  probably  not  render  the 
coal  unminable  except  very  locally,  but  unusual  means  will  possibly 
need  to  be  employed  to  recover  the  coal.  It  is  hoped  that  the  present 
report  will  be  of  service  to  the  engineer  and  mining  man  in  locating 
and  determining  more  accurately  the  nature  and  position  of  the  irregu¬ 
lar  structures  to  be  pointed  out. 

The  general  northward  dip  of  the  rocks  of  this  region  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  strata  in  District  VI.  Within  the  first  six  miles  north 
of  the  outcrop  of  No.  5  coal  it  declines  from  350  to  400  feet  above  sea 
level  to  between  sea  level  and  about  100  feet  above.  Thence  northward 
the  rate  of  decline  is  much  less,  amounting  to  100  to  150  feet  in  0  miles. 
The  general  northward  inclination  of  the  strata  is  interrupted  by  two 
conspicuous  irregularities  or  belts  of  irregularities.  One  of  these  is  the 
eastward  continuation  of  the  irregular  belt  of  folding  and  faulting 
noted  in  the  paragraph  describing  the  structure  of  District  VI.  I  his 
belt  enters  the  district  on  the  west  side  of  secs.  0  and  1,  Brushy  1  own- 
ship  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.),  and  continues  a  few  degrees  south  of  east 
through  Brushy  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.),  Harrisburg  (T.  8  S.,  R.  G  E.), 


cmrjji 


. 


* 

& 


—  -  ,  -  -  :  ~  '  V 


U  -Vr.A 
anctebnee 


qoT 


Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  II 


ILLINOIS 


KENTUCKY 

SHAWNEETOWN  QUADRANGLE 


700-1 


600- 


600 


400' 


300 


?oo- 


100- 


m 


12 

No.  11 

12 

No.10 

'  i  J  J  Shoal  Creak 

12-  No.  9 - 

1  1  -M  Carllnvllle  Is. 


6  No. 8 


42  N0.7 


Glrfr Ina  ls  _ 


Top 


12 - 


F55S  12 


6. 

6  Anvil  Rock 

sandstone 

2 

76' 


-Top  — 


Top 


5 - 


Plate  II.  Columnar  sections  showing  stratigraphy  in  southern  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

1.  NE.  NE.  sec.  8,  T.  10  S..  R.  1  E.,  Shelby  County. 

2.  SE.  SE.  sec.  35,  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  E.,  Franklin  County. 

3.  SW.  NW.  sec.  25,  T.  8  S.,  R  4  E..  Williamson  County. 

4.  SE.  SW.  sec.  19,  T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.,  Saline  County. 

*  6.  T.  8  S..  R.  6  E.,  near  mine  of  Harrisburg  Saline  Collieries  Co.,  Saline 

'  County. 

6.  T.  8  S.,  R.  . .  E.,  near  mine  of  Wasson  Coal  Co.,  Saline  County. 

7.  Near  Texas  City,  Gallatin  County. 

8.  Northeastern  Gallatin  County. 

9.  Near  Equality. 

10.  Southeastern  Gallatin  County 

11.  Western  Kentucky,  Union  and  Crittenden  counties.1 

‘Lee,  Wallace.  Geology  of  the  Kentucky  part  of  the  Shawneetown  quadrangle:  Ken¬ 
tucky  Geological  Survey,  pp.  16,  20.  36.  and  41.  1916. 


B 

m 

Limestone 

Shale 

m 

Sandstone 

Black  shale 

e 

Coal 

Tire  clay 

tVigi 

Calcareous  sandstone 

Calcareous  shale 

F.-— 1  ‘r.y.  .-•] 

Sandy  shale 

Shaly  sandstone 

GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


29 


Cottage  Grove  (T.  8  S.,  R.  7  E.),  and  Equality  (T.  8  S.,  R.  8  E.)  town¬ 
ships,  possibly  passing  into  the  Shawneetown  fault  near  the  pass  of  the 
Saline  River  through  the  hills  to  the  south.  Evidence  will  be  advanced 
to  show  that  probably  for  that  part  of  the  belt  in  eastern  Harrisburg 
and  in  Cottage  Grove  and  Equality  townships  the  irregularities  are  due 
to  faulting.  The  other  conspicuous  irregularity  of  the  area  consists  in 
a  line  or  zone  of  faulting  or  folding  running  a  little  west  of  north  from 
the  pass  of  Saline  River  through  the  hills  passing  near  Ridgway  and 
Omaha.  It  is  not  possible  to  prove  that  faulting  has  actually  taken 
place  along  this  belt  but  this  seems  to  be  the  case.  The  strata  to  the 
east  of  this  structural  feature  lie  at  a  considerably  lower  altitude  than 
those  to  the  west. 

The  following  interpretation  of  the  structure  of  the  district  can 
be  best  appreciated  by  reference  to  the  structure  map  (Plate  I)  upon 
which  the  discussion  is  based.  With  the  structure  map  at  hand  it  will 
be  noted  that  the  contour  lines  lying  between  the  outcrop  of  No.  5 
coal  and  the  175-foot  line  are  approximately  parallel,  indicating  a  fairly 
even  slope  of  the  coal  down  to  that  depth.  From  the  position  of  the 
175-foot  contour  line  northward  for  a  distance  of  about  three  miles  or 
approximately  to  the  line  separating  T.  8  S.  from  T.  9  S.,  is  the  belt 
of  irregular  structure  noted  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  in  which  the 
contour  lines  either  show  no  consistent  trend  or  are  interrupted  by  fault 
lines.  North  of  this  belt  the  contour  lines  are  again  fairly  evenly 
spaced  and  roughly  parallel. 

Idle  interpretation  of  the  structure  in  Brushy  (T.  8  S.,  R.  5  E.) 
and  western  Harrisburg  (T.  8  S.,  R.  G  E.)  townships  where  no  faults 
are  shown  is  based  upon  the  altitude  of  the  coal  as  determined  by  dril¬ 
ling.  Although  the  drill  discovered  significant  differences  in  the  alti¬ 
tude  of  the  coal  the  holes  are  not  sufficiently  closely  spaced  to  actually 
establish  the  existence  of  a  fault  between  any  two  of  them,  and  as  yet 
there  has  been  no  mining  in  this  part  of  the  belt.  Accordingly  on  the 
structure  map  (Plate  I)  the  differences  in  altitude  are  assumed  to  be 
due  to  folding  rather  than  to  faulting. 

In  order  that  the  possibility  of  faulting  may  be  given  proper 
weight  a  structure  map  of  parts  of  Brushy,  Carriers  Mills,  Raleigh 
and  Harrisburg  townships  is  presented  showing  the  possible  position  of 
faults  not  actually  known  to  exist  (Plate  V).  In  deciding  upon  the 
position  of  the  faults  the  relative  elevation  of  the  coal  at  closely  ad¬ 
jacent  holes  was  the  chief  criterion,  but  the  general  dip  in  each  of  the 
faulted  portions  was  preserved  so  that  as  a  rule  the  coal  is  shown  dip¬ 
ping  northward  from  the  fault  lines.  The  map  is  submitted  to  illustrate 
how  the  differences  in  elevation  may  be  accounted  for,  assuming  faults 


30 


ILLINOIS  MIXING  INVESTIGATIONS 


Fig.  4.— Map  showing  faults  and  structure  in  mine  No.  12,  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  1,  O’Gara 
Coal  Company,  and  mine  No.  1,  Wasson  Coal  Company. 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


31 


to  be  present ;  but  it  is  largely  a  matter  of  chance  if  later  development 
work  discovers  faults  where  they  are  indicated  on  the  map.  It  is  the 
belief  of  the  writer  that  the  development  of  the  coal  resources  of  the 
region  should  proceed  in  accordance  with  the  possibility  that  there  are 
faults  in  certain  parts  of  the  area. 

The  following  paragraphs  discuss  the  evidence  of  faulting  as 
shown  on  the  map  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  district. 

Harrisburg  fault. — The  existence  of  a  fault  north  of  Harrisburg 
having  a  throw  of  100  to  150  feet  is  determined  by  phenomena  en¬ 
countered  in  mine  No.  1  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Co.  and  mine  No.  12 
of  the  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co.  (see  figure  4).  Mine  No.  12 
is  located  in  secs.  2  and  3,  Harrisburg  Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E), 
south  of  the  fault,  and  mine  No.  1  in  sec.  2,  Harrisburg  Township,  and 
sec.  35,  Raleigh  Township  (T.  8  S.,  R.  6  E.),  north  of  the  fault.  The 
workings  of  mine  No.  1  extend  along  the  fault  for  more  than  one- 
half  mile,  the  coal  near  the  fault  line  in  one  place  having  an  altitude 
of  about  75  feet  above  sea  level.  The  workings  of  mine  No.  12  extend 
along  the  fault  line  on  the  south  side  in  the  NE.  Ct,  NE.  J4,  sec.  3, 
Harrisburg  Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E.),  where  the  coal  is  12  feet  be¬ 
low  sea  level.  The  coal  dips  north  in  mine  No.  12  toward  the  fault 
at  the  rate  of  about  85  feet  in  about  one-half  mile.  A  bore  hole 
is  said  to  have  found  coal  north  of  the  fault  in  the  NE.  ^4,  NE.  T4' 
sec.  3  about  100  feet  above  its  altitude  in  the  mine  to  the  south  ;  the 
record  of  this  drill  hole  is,  however,  not  available. 

From  the  evidence  at  these  two  mines  the  fault  can  be  pro¬ 
jected  about  1J4  miles,  from  the  NW.  SW.  Ct,  sec-  1  to  the 
NE.  34>  NE.  sec.  3,  Harrisburg  Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  6  E.).  It  is 
believed,  however,  that  the  fault  continues  in  a  direction  slightly  south 
of  east  from  its  observed  position  in  the  mines  through  Cottage 
Grove  (T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.)  and  possibly  also  through  Equality  (T.  9  S., 
R.  8  E.)  townships.  The  evidence  that  this  is  the  case  consists  in  the 
differences  noted  in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  in  drill  holes  and  outcrops 
on  either  side  of  the  proposed  position  of  the  fault.  The  data  are  pre¬ 
sented  in  the  following  paragraph. 

Continuing  eastward  from  mine  No.  1,  No.  5  coal  is  encountered 
in  sec.  12  Harrisburg  township  at  an  altitude  of  12  feet  (See  Plate  I)  ; 
about  1  mile  northeast  in  sec.  6  the  coal  has  an  altitude  of  46  feet. 
Again,  in  sec.  7  of  Cottage  Township  the  coal  lies  at  an  altitude  of  117 
feet.  The  fault  probably  extends  eastward  between  the  hole  in  sec.  12 
and  those  in  secs.  1  and  7.  In  the  south  half  of  sec.  8,  Cottage  Town¬ 
ship  the  coal  is  found  at  an  altitude  of  77  feet,  whereas  about 
j/2-mile  northeast  in  sec.  9  it  has  an  altitude  of  193  feet.  The  fault  is 


32 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


believed  to  pass  between  these  two  holes.  It  should  be  stated,  however, 
that  the  hole  in  sec.  8  passes  through  a  coal  which  lies  at  an  altitude 
of  1(J2  feet,  and  did  not  test  strata  below  the  coal.  The  correlation 
of  this  coal  becomes  a  matter  of  considerable  importance  in  determin¬ 
ing  the  position  of  the  fault  line.  However,  the  facts  that  the  coal 
is  thicker  than  No.  5  as  commonly  found  in  the  immediate  region 
and  that  it  has  a  limestone  cap-rock  within  5  feet  of  the  coal  together 
with  the  character  and  position  of  certain  limestone  and  coal  strata 
within  100  feet  above  the  coal,  point  to  its  correct  correlation  with 
No.  0  coal  rather  than  with  No.  5.  But  whether  the  coal  is  No.  5  or 
No.  6  it  is  believed  that  the  fault  line  passes  near  this  drill  hole,  south 
of  it  if  the  coal  is  No.  5  and  north  of  it  if  the  coal  is  No.  6.  The 
evidence  of  faulting  is  not  so  good,  however,  if  the  coal  is  correlated 
with  No.  5.  A  hole  in  sec.  15  passes  through  No.  5  coal  at  an  altitude 
of  143  feet.  No.  G  coal  outcrops  at  Cottage  Grove  directly  north 
at  an  altitude  of  420  feet,  No.  5  coal  accordingly  being  at  an  altitude  of 
about  300  feet.  There  is  little  doubt  that  a  fault  passes  south  of  Cot¬ 
tage  Grove  and  north  of  the  drill  hole  and  it  is  thought  to  be  continu¬ 
ous  with  the  Harrisburg  fault.  Examination  of  the  hill  known  as 
“Quarry  Hill”  in  secs.  15  and  16,  which  is  believed  to  lie  south  of  the 
fault,  failed  to  locate  No.  G  coal  in  outcrop.  It  is  believed  that  the 
coal  is  present  below  the  general  level  of  the  swamp  land  as  would  be 
expected  were  it  on  the  down-throw  side  of  the  fault. 

No.  5  coal  outcrops  around  the  range  of  hills  in  secs.  23  and  24, 
Cottage  Township,  reaching  an  altitude  of  about  450  feet  on  the  south 
side  of  the  hill  in  the  NW.  J4  sec.  24.  The  old  Cassells  and  Temple 
mine  drifted  into  the  base  of  the  hill  in  the  NE.  J4,  sec-  24 ,  presum¬ 
ably  at  an  altitude  of  about  375  feet.  About  1  mile  east  at  the 
West  Side  mine  at  Equality  the  coal  is  about  100  feet  lower.  These 
differences  in  altitude  seem  to  be  due  to  faulting  especially  as  the 
observed  dip  of  the  coal  does  not  appear  to  agree  with  the  differences 
in  altitude  of  the  coal  at  the  localities  noted.  It  is  thought  that  the 
difference  in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  at  the  West  Side  mine  and  the 
Cassells  and  Temple  mine  is  probably  due  to  off-set  along  the  continu¬ 
ation  of  the  Harrisburg  fault. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  displacement  along  the  fault  line  changes 
from  a  down-throw  on  the  south  side  near  Harrisburg  to  an  up-throw 
on  the  same  side  near  Equality.  4  hat  the  fault  continues  to  and 
coalesces  with  the  Shawneetown  fault  at  the  base  of  the  “mountains” 
southeast  of  Equality  is  suspected  but  has  not  been  definitely  deter¬ 
mined. 

The  possible  Ridgway-Chfioha  fault. —  I  he  existence  of  a  fault 


GENERAL  geology 


oo 

oo 


passing  nearly  north  and  south  near  Ridgway  and  Omaha  is  strongly 
suggested  by  differences  in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  on  the  two  sides  of 
the  suggested  line  or  zone  of  displacement.  Thus  the  coal  is  112  feet 
below  sea  level  at  Omaha  and  364  feet  below  sea  level  2l/2  miles  east. 
In  sec.  28,  North  Fork  Township  (T.  8  S.,  R.  8  E.),  No.  5  coal  was 
found  at  an  altitude  of  14  feet  above  sea  level  whereas  two  miles  east 
what  is  thought  to  be  No.  5  was  found  in  an  oil  prospect  480  feet 
below  sea  level.  Whether  or  not  this  record  is  reliable  the  great  depth 
of  the  coal  in  the  east  part  of  the  county  is  indicated  by  the  fact 
that  it  was  found  in  a  diamond  drill  hole  in  sec.  20,  Ridgway  Town¬ 
ship  (T.  8  S.,  R.  9  E.),  2/2  miles  east  of  the  oil  prospect  noted  above, 
378  feet  below  sea  level. 

The  southward  continuation  of  the  fault  or  sharp  fold  into  Equality 
Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  8  E.)  is  indicated  by  borings  in  secs.  1  and  2 
and  others  in  the  vicinity  of  Junction.  In  sec.  2  No.  6  coal  was  pene¬ 
trated  in  a  boring  at  an  altitude  of  249  feet ;  in  sec.  1  there  are  two  drill 
holes  in  the  north  half  of  the  section,  in  the  northern  one  of  which  No. 
6  coal  was  penetrated  at  an  altitude  of  208  feet  and  in  the  other  at  188 
feet.  This  difference  along  the  normal  direction  of  strike  is  pos¬ 
sibly  indicative  of  faulting. 

Three  drill  holes  in  the  vicinity  of  Junction  in  sec.  24,  Equality 
Township,  penetrated  a  coal  reported  to  lie  at  an  altitude  of  115  to 
165  feet  above  sea  level  which  is  thought  to  be  No.  5.  The  No.  6  coal 
was  penetrated  about  120  feet  higher  in  the  section.  Assuming  the 
higher  altitude  of  165  feet  to  be  the  correct  one  there  exists  a  difference 
of  about  200  feet  in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  in  sec.  24  and  at  the  mine 
at  Hickory  Hill  in  sec.  23.  The  fact  that  this  difference  is  along  the 
normal  direction  of  strike  is  fairly  indicative  of  the  existence  of  a 
fault  or  sharp  fold  between  the  two  points. 

It  is  also  probably  significant  that  the  “3- foot”  coal  or  upper  bench 
of  No.  2  coal  was  penetrated  in  drilling  in  the  SE.  J4  sec.  25  at  an 
altitude  of  325  feet.  It  seems  probable  that  this  drill  hole  is  located 
on  the  up-throw  side  of  the  fault. 

Minor  structural  irregularities. — There  are  certain  other  relation¬ 
ships  with  respect  to  the  altitude  of  the  coal  in  Cottage  and  Equality 
townships  that  suggest  faulting.  Thus  the  difference  in  the  altitude  of 
the  coal  of  about  100  feet  in  the  north  half  of  sec.  1,  Cottage  Town¬ 
ship  (T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.)  may  be  the  result  of  faulting.  There  is  also 
possibly  a  difference  in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  in  the  S.  ]/2  sec.  10, 
Equality  Township  (T.  9  S.,  R.  8  E.)  of  which  faulting  may  be  the 
cause.  An  abandoned  mine  opened  by  Dr.  L.  W.  Gordon  found  No.  6 
coal  at  an  altitude  of  315  feet  in  the  N.W.  J4  sec.  10.  No.  5  coal  was 


34 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


found  by  drilling,  at  an  altitude  of  195  feet.  A  drill  hole  located  in  the 
N.  y2  sec.  15  is  reported  to  pass  through  the  two  benches  of  No.  2  coal, 
the  upper  bench  lying  at  an  altitude  of  185  feet.  No.  5  if  present 
would  have  an  altitude  of  at  least  390  feet.  A  difference  of  200  feet 
in  the  altitude  of  the  coal  within  a  distance  of  less  than  one  mile  is 
unusual  and  if  it  actually  exists  may  be  partly  effected  by  faulting. 

Small  faults  most  of  which  are  not  continuous  more  than  a  few 
hundred  feet  are  rather  common  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  area.  These 
local  faults  will  be  described  in  greater  detail  in  the  chapter  that  fol¬ 
lows  on  economic  geology.  One  fault,  however,  near  Eldorado  seems 
to  be  present  in  several  of  the  mines  and  is  probably  of  more  than  local 
significance.  This  fault  or  faulted  zone  parallels  the  L.  &  N.  Railroad 
and  is  found  in  mine  No.  3  of  the  Dering  Mines  Co.,  in  mine  No.  8 
of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Co.,  and  possibly  in  mine  No.  6  of  the  Saline 
County  Coal  Co.  It  is  understood  that  the  workings  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Dering  mine  terminate  at  the  fault.  In  mine  No.  8  an  up-throw 
to  the  east  of  8  feet  is  reported.  In  this  mine  the  main  fault  is 
apparently  accompanied  by  others  that  are  less  persistent.  In  mine 
No.  6  at  Grayson  a  fault  is  reported  which  is  apparently  the  extension 
of  the  one  found  in  mine  No.  8  but  particulars  are  not  known. 

REGIONAL  STRUCTURE  ANI)  MINING 

The  regional  structure  so  far  as  it  involves  merely  the  relatively 
gentle  northward  dip  of  the  strata  typical  of  most  of  the  district  has 
no  harmful  effect  upon  mining.  A  general  dip  of  this  character  is  prob¬ 
ably  of  benefit  rather  than  otherwise  as  it  provides  a  natural  slope  for 
drainage  where  that  is  necessary  and  may  be  of  service  in  furnishing 
advantageous  haulage  gradients.  Local  structural  irregularities,  how¬ 
ever,  as  will  be  shown  in  the  section  on  economic  geology,  may  more 
than  offset  this  regional  dip.  In  the  relatively  small  part  of  the  area 
where  faults  are  possibly  present  or  are  known  to  be  present  numerous 
irregularities  may  exist,  the  character  and  extent  of  whffh  depend  upon 
the  amount  and  frequency  of  faulting. 

IGNEOUS  ACTIVITY 
DIKES 

As  shown  on  the  structure-contour  may  (Plate  I),  various  mines 
have  encountered  igneous  dikes  cutting  No.  5  coal.  This  rock  is  not 
known  to  outcrop  in  the  area  and  has  not  been  identified  in  drill  cores, 
but  specimens  collected  in  the  mines  show  a  resemblance  to  the  dark- 
colored  igneous  rock  of  rather  common  occurrence  in  Pope  and  Hardin 
counties  and  in  adjacent  parts  of  western  Kentucky.  Most  of  the 
dikes  extend  beyond  the  workings  of  the  mines  in  which  they  are  found. 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY 


35 


Mine  No.  3  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Co.,  and  mine  No.  3  of  the  Saline 
County  Coal  Co.,  are  both  crossed  by  the  same  dike  which  accordingly 
has  a  horizontal  extension  of  at  least  iy2  miles. 

One  dike  at  least  is  known  to  be  located  along  a  fault  line,  the 
fault  extending  beyond  the  end  of  the  dike.  In  mine  No.  2  of  the 
J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Co.,  movement  has  taken  place  along  the  side  of 
the  dike.  These  relationships  make  it  difficult  to  establish  the  time 
relation  between  the  faulting  and  intrusion.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
intrusion  was  accompanied  by  faulting  and  that  there  has  been  also 
later  movement. 

The  general  trend  of  the  dikes  is  northward,  and  the  width  of 
the  intrusions  is  commonly  less  than  50  feet  although  there  are  certain 
dikes  that  exceed  that  width.  Although  it  is  suspected  that  the  dikes 
traverse  the  region  rather  generally,  so  far  as  is  known  none  has  been 
encountered  in  drilling  except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  mines. 
The  character  of  the  rock  is  such  that  it  rapidly  disintegrates  under  the 
effect  of  the  weathering  agencies,  which  probably  explains  the  failure 
to  find  it  in  outcrop. 

More  detailed  description  of  the  dikes  and  the  effect  of  their 
intrusion  upon  the  coal  beds  will  form  part  of  the  ensuing  chapter 
on  economic  geology  of  the  coals. 


CHAPTER  III— ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  COALS 


General  Statement 

The  minimum  thickness  of  coal  beds  mined  in  the  United  States 
is  about  15  inches,  but  varies  according  to  the  rank  of  the  coal,  being 
approximately  2  feet  in  sub-bituminous  coal  and  3  feet  in  lignite.  The 
maximum  percentage  of  ash  permissible  in  a  coal  is  more  difficult  to 
determine  on  account  of  the  variability  of  the  factors  involved  in  the 
cleaning  of  such  coal  for  the  market.  Thirty  per  cent  has  been 
regarded  1  as  the  limit,  with  a  question  as  to  whether  or  not  it  had 
better  be  placed  at  25  per  cent.  The  deepest  coal  mines  in  the  world 
(in  Belgium)  go  to  a  depth  of  approximately  4,000  feet,  but  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  has  set  a  depth  of  3,000  feet  as  the  limit  for  easily 
minable  coal,  in  estimating  coal  resources. 

In  view  of  the  preceding  statements,  it  is  obvious  that  any  two- 
foot  bed  of  coal  in  the  coal-bearing  rocks  of  this  region  may  be  min¬ 
able  at  some  time,  since  the  extreme  thickness  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
series  is  only  about  2,000  feet.  Indeed,  it  is  possible  that  even  thinner 
beds  at  shallow  depths  may  be  exploited,  especially  where  associated 
with  the  bituminous  shale  from  which  oil  and  gas  can  be  distilled. 

The  total  average  thickness  of  all  coal  beds  including  and  under¬ 
lying  No.  9  coal  in  this  district  probably  amounts  to  about  30  feet  in 
many  places.  The  number  of  beds  amounts  to  possibly  25,  the  majority 
of  which  are  less  than  one  foot  in  thickness. 

The  present  chapter  will  attempt  to  summarize  the  economic  pos¬ 
sibilities  of  the  various  coal  beds  underlying  the  district,  especially  as 
concerns  the  thickness  of  the  beds,  the  physical  character  of  the  coal, 
roof  and  floor,  and  the  structural  conditions  attending  the  various 
seams  as  far  as  information  is  available. 

Pottsville  Coals 

The  Pottsville  coals  apparently  occur  within  a  series  of  shales 
that  lie  below,  between,  and  above  the  three  heavy  Pottsville  sand¬ 
stones.  Such  a  succession  is  met  with  in  southern  Williamson  and 
Saline  counties  south  of  the  fault,  as  reported  by  Dr.  A.  D.  Brokaw.2 
The  Pottsville  coals  seem  to  be  of  lenticular  character  and  of  local 
development.  The  succession  of  coals  from  above  downward  is  as 
follows : 

1  Campbell,  M.  R.,  Future  of  coal:  Mining  Congress  Journal,  vol.  II,  p.  351, 
1916. 

2  Brokaw,  A.  D.,  Oil  investigations  in  parts  of  Saline,  Williamson,  Pope,  and 
Johnson  counties:  Ill.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  35,  pp.  24—37,  1917. 


(36) 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


37 


1.  Coals  between  No.  2  coal  and  the  Curlew  sandstone. 

2.  Coals  between  the  Curlew  and  the  middle  (Finnie?)  sandstone. 

Curlew  coal. 

Ice  House  coal. 

3.  Coals  between  the  middle  (Finnie?)  sandstone  and  lowest  sand¬ 

stone  ( Casey ville  conglomerate). 

Position  of  the  Bell,  Battery  Rock,  Cook  and  Caseyville  coals, 
and  possibly  other  local  beds. 

4.  Coals  below  the  Caseyville  conglomerate  coal  in  the  New  Haven 

record. 


1 


SCALE  IN  FEET 


Fig.  5. — Graphic  sections  including 
the  Ice  House  and  Bell  coals. 


Between  Xo.  2  coal  and  the  sandstone  thought  to  be  the  Curlew 
sandstone  of  Kentucky  there  appear  to  be  commonly  several  thin  beds 
a  foot  or  less  in  thickness.  The  record  of  the  well  at  New  Haven 


38 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


shows  three  such  coals,  a  well  near  the  central  part  of  the  district 
encountered  three,  and  a  well  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  area  found 
but  one.  It  is  doubtful  whether  coals  at  this  horizon  will  ever  prove 
to  be  of  commercial  value  in  this  region. 

If  any  coals  below  the  Curlew  sandstone  are  of  workable  thick¬ 
ness  in  this  region  it  is  not  improbable  that  they  will  be  found  toward 
the  southern  part  of  the  area.  In  the  Eagle  Valley  region  there  is  at 
least  local  development  to  a  workable  thickness  of  beds  thought  to  be 
the  equivalent  of  the  Bell  and  Ice  House  coals  in  western  Kentucky. 
In  the  central  part  of  District  Y  there  is  one  hole  which  encountered 
a  coal  3  feet  10  inches  in  thickness  at  the  proper  distance  below  No.  2 
coal  to  be  the  Curlew.  Thus  there  seems  to  be  evidence  that  some 
of  the  Pottsville  coals  may  be  of  commercial  thickness  in  this  region. 

The  accompanying  graphic  sections  (fig.  5)  include  the  Ice  House 
and  Bell  coals,  as  measured  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Kay  in  the  SW.  SW.  Ct 
sec  23,  T.  10  S.,  R.  7  E.,  a  few  miles  south  of  District  V.  Both  coals 
are  provided  with  a  black  slate  roof.  The  thickness  of  the  Bell  coal  is 
shown  as  3  feet  9  inches  and  the  Ice  House  coal  as  3  feet  6  inches. 
The  Bell  coal  in  the  region  is  described  as  being  a  very  hard  coal,  black 
and  bright,  and  apparently  of  a  good  quality.  The  generalization  for 
Illinois  coals  that  the  older  the  coal  the  better  is  its  quality,  seems  to  be 
applicable  to  the  Bell  coal. 

The  Ice  House  coal  at  the  Craig  and  Willis  mine  is  described  by 
Mr.  Kay  as  being  very  slabbv,  but  of  good  quality.  It  is  somewhat 
more  in  the  nature  of  a  cannel  coal  than  are  most  of  the  Illinois  coals. 


Table  3. — Analyses  of  the  Ice  House  and  Bell  coals  of  southern  Saline  and 

Gallatin  counties 

(Figures  are  for  coal  as  received) 


Mine 

Coal 

Mois¬ 

ture 

Volatile 

matter 

Fixed 

carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

B.  t.  u. 

Willis 

Ice  House 

7.15 

34.34 

53.32 

5.19 

.84 

13,035 

"Willis 

Ice  House 

4.73 

33.91 

49.65 

11.71 

4.78 

12,492 

Colbert 

Bell 

3.40 

33.33 

55.18 

8.09 

4.25 

13,401 

These  analyses  indicate  that  the  coal  has  a  relatively  high  B.  t.  u. 
value  as  compared  with  other  Illinois  coals.  This  seems  to  be  due  in 
part  at  least  to  the  relatively  low  moisture  content  and  the  relatively 
high  percentage  of  fixed  carbon.  The  relation  of  these  coals  to  other 
Illinois  coals  can  be  determined  by  a  comparison  of  the  figures  given 
above  with  those  shown  on  Plate  IX. 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


39 


Two  analyses  of  the  Bell  coal  in  Kentucky  are  given  below  for 
comparison.1  It  will  be  noted  that  this  coal  is  very  similar  in  character 
in  the  two  states. 


Table  4. — Analyses  of  the  Bell  coal  of  Kentucky 
(Figures  are  for  coal  as  received) 


Mine 

Moisture 

Volatile 

matter 

Fixed 

carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

B.  t.  u. 

Barnaby . 

Newcome . 

4.42 

4.38 

36.77 

35.88 

51.12 

52.94 

7.69 

6.80 

3.43 

3.43 

13,286 

13,439 

The  coal  below  the  Caseyville  conglomerate  appears  only  in  the 
log  of  the  well  at  New  Haven  in  White  County,  where  it  is  recorded  as 
shaly  coal  and  coaly  shale.  It  is  of  very  doubtful  value  and  of  unknown 
extent. 

The  relative  position  of  the  Pottsville  coals  and  their  relation  to 
the  upper  coal  beds  have  been  described  in  detail  in  the  chapter  on 
stratigraphy  and  are  shown  graphically  in  the  columnar  sections 
(PI.  II.) 


Carbondale  coals 
NO.  2  COAL 

Records  are  available  of  ten  diamond-drill  borings  in  or  very  near 
this  district  which  are  thought  to  reach  No.  2  coal.  This  seam  is  the 
one  worked  in  the  vicinity  of  Murphysboro,  in  Jackson  County,  and 
from  this  town  has  received  its  place  name,  the  Murphysboro  coal. 
The  bed  in  the  Jackson  County  district  is  in  two  benches  separated  by 
shale  varying  in  thickness  from  a  knife  edge  to  35  feet  or  more.2  As 
a  rule  the  lower  bench  is  the  thicker,  four  feet  being  a  common  thick¬ 
ness.  whereas  the  upper  bench  is  three  feet  or  less  in  thickness.  There 
is  considerable  variation  in  the  thickness  of  the  benches  and  of  the 
intermediate  shale.  This  intermediate  shale  is  commonly  black  and 
fissile,  and  is  the  miners’  “black  slate.”  Murphysboro  or  No.  2  coal 
can  be  traced  through  Williamson  County,  although  nowhere  else  is 
it  known  to  be  as  valuable  as  at  Murphysboro. 

In  Plate  VI  are  shown  various  sections  of  this  coal  at  different 


1  Lee,  Wallace.  Geology  of  the  Kentucky  part  of  the  Shawneetown  quad¬ 
rangle,  Kentucky  Geol.  Survey,  Table  No.  4,  1916. 

2  Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  II:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  16.  1917. 


40 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


places  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Numbers  1  and  2  are  sections 
observed  in  mines  in  Jackson  County;  numbers  3,  4,  and  5  are  sections 
based  upon  drilling  records  in  Williamson  County.  The  remaining 
sections  are  from  records  of  holes  in  this  district,  two  from  Saline 
County  and  five  from  Gallatin  County. 

In  southern  Gallatin  County  this  coal  can  be  observed  in  outcrop. 
Here,  as  in  places  in  Jackson  County,  the  seam  is  in  two  benches, 
separated  by  15  to  40  feet  of  strata,  and  is  apparently  less  commonly 
regarded  as  a  single  coal.  In  the  Eagle  Valley  region  and  in  western 
Kentucky  the  lower  bench  is  known  as  the  “Four  foot,”  and  the  upper 
bench  as  the  “Three  foot.”  As  suggested  by  their  local  names,  the 
lower  bed  is  commonly  about  4  feet  in  thickness  (3  feet  6  inches  to  4 
feet)  and  the  upper  coal  about  3  feet  in  thickness  (2  feet  9  inches  to  3 
feet  6  inches). 

Most  records  (see  Plate  VI)  report  a  dark  to  black  shale  above 
the  lower  coal  as  in  the  Jackson  County  region.  This  black  shale  is  in 
places  at  least  very  carbonaceous  and  may  be  of  some  commercial 
value  as  an  oil  shale,  though  such  is  not  known  to  be  the  case.  Inas¬ 
much  as  recent  drilling  at  widely  separated  points  in  the  district  has 
shown  that  this  coal  is  practically  always  present,  the  drilling  of  any 
block  of  leases  within  the  district  should  include  testing  for  the  pres¬ 
ence  of  these  lower  coals.  The  interval  between  No.  2  and  No.  (>  coals 
is  only  about  350  feet,  and  before  many  years  the  exploitation  of  a 
three-  or  four-foot  bed  at  a  depth  of  350  feet  or  less  may  be  entirely 
practicable  for  this  area.  South  of  the  outcrop  of  No.  6  coal,  the  No.  2 
seam  is  in  general  at  a  depth  of  less  than  350  feet.  The  approximate 
outcrop  of  the  coal  is  indicated  on  Plate  III. 

In  heating  quality  the  Murphysboro  (No.  2)  coal  in  Jackson 
County  is  among  the  best  in  the  State,  better  coal  being  known  only 
in  the  Eagle  Valley  region.  Its  comparative  position  among  the  Illinois 
coals  is  shown  by  the  diagram,  Plate  IX,  and  in  the  table  of  compara¬ 
tive  heating  values  of  the  various  Illinois  coals  (Table  14).  No 
analyses  of  No.  2  coal  from  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  are  available, 
but  three  analyses  of  the  Davis,  “Four  foot,”  or  No.  6  coal  of  Ken¬ 
tucky,  which  is  the  same  as  the  lower  bench  of  No.  2  coal  in  District  \ 
in  Illinois,  are  presented  to  show  approximately  the  character  of  this 
coal  in  Illinois. 

Comparison  of  these  analyses  (with  those  given  in  I  able  3  and 
Plate  IX)  indicates  that  the  “Four  foot”  or  lower  bench  of  No.  2  coal 
is  of  slightly  better  quality  in  Kentucky  than  the  Murphysboro  coal, 
but  that  it  is  somewhat  lower  in  B.  t.  u.  value  than  the  Bell  and  Ice 
House  coals. 


Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  VI 


Plate  VI  Graphic  sections  of  No.  2  coal  In  Districts  II,  V,  and  VI 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


41 


COALS  BETWEEN  NO.  2  AND  NO.  5  COALS 

Three  thin  beds  of  coal,  two  of  which  are  possibly  in  places  of 
economic  value,  lie  between  the  Murphysboro  (No.  2)  and  Harris¬ 
burg  (No.  5)  coal  beds.  Coals,  probably  the  same,  are  recorded  in 
various  records  of  drilling  in  District  VI  to  the  west.  The  lowest  of 
these  lies  40  to  60  feet  above  No.  2  coal,  or  180  to  210  feet  below  No.  5, 
the  middle  one  100  to  110  feet  below  No.  5  coal,  and  the  upper  one 
about  70  feet  below  No.  5  coal.  The  interval  between  the  lowest  and 
middle  of  these  coal  beds  averages  about  70  feet.  The  lowest  bed  is 
commonly  thin  and  of  no  value,  but  in  a  record  of  a  boring  in  Omaha 
Township  (T.  7  S.,  R.  8  E.),  it  is  reported  as  being  2  feet  5  inches  in 
thickness.  The  intermediate  bed  is  apparently  always  one  foot  or  less 


Table  5.— Analyses  of  Davis  or  No.  6  coal  from  Union  County,  Kentucky  a 

(Figures  are  for  coal  as  received) 


Moisture 

Volatile 

matter 

Fixed 

carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

B.  t.  u. 

4.36 

37.94 

50.97 

6.73 

2.17 

13,338 

4.43 

37.13 

49.60 

8.84 

2.66 

13,003 

4.47 

36.87 

49.82 

8.84 

2.95 

12,962 

Average  4.42 

37.31 

50.13 

8.13 

2.59 

13,101 

a  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  4th  Series,  Vol.  II,  Pt.  I,  37S— 380,  1914. 


in  thickness.  The  upper  bed  has  a  thickness  of  about  2  feet  6  inches 
and  will  possibly  be  of  commercial  value  in  places  eventually.  This 
coal  is  believed  to  be  the  same  as  the  original  No.  4  of  the  Gallatin 
County  section  of  the  “Coal  Measures,”  proposed  by  E.  T.  Cox.1 

no.  5  COAL 

Nearly  the  entire  output  of  coal  from  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties 
is  obtained  from  the  No.  5  (Harrisburg)  coal.  Within  this  district  this 
coal  attains  a  thickness  of  9  feet  in  at  least  one  place.  Because  of  the 
high  quality  of  the  coal  and  favorable  conditions  of  recovery,  coal 
mining  is  especially  profitable  in  this  field. 

DEPTH  AND  DISTRIBUTION 

No.  o  coal  is  known  to  lie  at  an  altitude  of  363  feet  below  sea 
level  at  New  Haven  near  the  northeast  corner  of  Gallatin  County. 
This  is  at  a  depth  of  about  170  feet  below  the  surface.  At  West  End, 
near  the  northwest  corner  of  Saline  County,  the  coal  lies  at  an  altitude 


1  Cox.  E.  T.,  Gallatin  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois;  vol.  VI,  p.  202,  1875. 


42 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


of  330  feet  below  sea  level  or  780  feet  below  the  surface.  It  is  prob¬ 
able  that  in  the  hilly  country  north  of  Galatia  the  coal  lies  at  a  depth 
of  825  to  850  feet.  None  of  these  depths  are  prohibitive  in  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  a  bed  of  the  usual  thickness  and  quality  of  No.  5  coal.  The 


Table  6. — Thicknesses  of  No.  5  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  as 

determined  hy  drilling 


Location 


Sec. 


T.  S.  R.  E. 


Number  of 
drill  holes 


Gallatin  County — 


7 

8 
9 


8,9] 
8,9  J. 
8,9  j 


Thickness 


Saline  County — - 

Inches 

19  and  20 

8 

5 

7 

51 

to 

62 

25  to  27 

8 

5 

8 

55 

to 

84 

28  and  29 

8 

5 

6 

51 

to 

62 

30,  31,  33,  34  and  35 

8 

5 

7 

27 

to 

80 

15,  22  to  25 

8 

6 

9 

38 

to 

67 

26  to  29 

8 

6 

8 

6 

to 

62 

33  to  36 

8 

6 

9 

56 

to 

66 

10.  14,  15,  17  and  19 

8 

7 

6 

50 

to 

75 

22.  23,  27,  28,  31,  32 

• 

and  34 

8 

7 

8 

49 

to 

75 

1  to  4 

9 

5 

10 

16 

to 

76 

5  to  9 

9 

5 

9 

52 

to 

78 

10  to  13 

9 

5 

7 

(17?) 

56 

to  91 

14  to  18 

9 

5 

52 

to 

104 

19  to  22 

9 

5 

(6?) 

48 

to  86 

23  to  26 

9 

5 

13 

33 

to 

76 

34  and  36 

9 

5 

16 

29 

to 

68 

1,  2,  4  and  5 

9 

6 

8 

54 

to 

71 

6  to  10 

9 

6 

8 

48 

to 

78 

11  to  16 

9 

6 

10 

52 

to 

81 

17  to  19 

9 

6 

10 

(27?) 

36 

to  87 

23  to  25 

9 

6 

7 

24 

to 

66 

27,  28  and  30 

9 

6 

7 

16 

to 

63 

31 

9 

6 

9 

55  to 

92 

(110? 

32,  33  and  36 

9 

6 

10 

47 

to 

90 

2  to  5 

9 

7 

7 

36 

to 

63 

6  to  10 

9 

7 

6 

54 

to 

61 

11,  15,  16,  17,  18  and  19 

9 

7 

7 

50 

to 

62 

20,  21,  22  and  27 

9 

7 

5 

30 

to 

57 

r  52  to  59 
.  24  to  69 
53  to  56 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


43 


deepest  mine  in  No.  5  coal  in  the  area,  located  at  Galatia,  reaches  the 
coal  at  a  depth  of  485  feet. 

No.  5  coal  is  found  in  District  V  north  of  its  outcrop  practically 
wherever  borings  have  penetrated  to  a  sufficient  depth.  There  is,  how¬ 
ever,  a  strip  barren  of  No.  5  coal  lying  near  the  west  side  of  Raleigh 
and  Harrisburg  townships  (Ts.  8  and  9  S.,  R.  6  E.)  (see  Plate  I).  The 
sandstone  lens  which  cuts  out  the  coal  in  this  strip  has  been  described 
on  a  previous  page  and  the  possibility  of  its  being  a  channel  deposit 
mentioned.  This  interruption  in  the  continuity  of  the  bed  is  the  most 
serious  one  known  in  the  district,  and  prospecting  and  development 
work  in  western  Raleigh  and  eastern  Galatia  townships  (T.  8  S.,  Rs.  5 
and  6  E.)  and  even  in  Tate  and  Long  Branch  townships  (T.  7  S.,  Rs.  5 
and  6  E.)  should  be  guided  by  the  possibility  of  the  northward  exten¬ 
sion  of  this  irregularity  or  “fault,”  as  it  is  called. 

No.  5  (Harrisburg)  coal  is  probably  the  equivalent  of  the  Spring- 
field,  Fulton  County,  and  Peoria  County  No.  5  coal,  and  of  the  “Mid¬ 
dle  Vein”  coal  in  the  La  Salle  region.  Except  for  local  variations  it 
is  very  regular  in  thickness  over  the  entire  State,  varying  from  4  to  6 
feet. 


INTERVAL  BETWEEN  NO.  5  AND  NO.  6  COALS 

The  interval  between  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals  varies  from  less  than 
100  feet  in  the  west  to  more  than  150  feet  in  the  central  part  of  the 
district.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  district  the  interval  gradually 
decreases  to  about  110  feet.  In  general  the  interval  between  the  two 
coals  increases  or  decreases  with  the  thickness  of  the  lower  coal. 

THICKNESS 

Table  6  gives  detailed  information  in  regard  to  the  thickness  of 
the  bed  as  determined  by  drilling.  T  he  depth  to  the  coal  at  the  various 
mines  and  drill  holes  is  presented  in  tabulated  form  in  the  appendix. 
In  this  table  the  thickness  of  the  coal  is  also  given  if  such  information 
is  not  confidential.  Inspection  of  the  data  will  show  that  the  thickness 
of  the  coal  varies  from  less  than  1  foot  to  possibly  about  9  feet. 

Sections  of  No.  5  coal  measured  in  various  mines  of  the  district 
are  shown  graphically  in  Plate  VII.  These  and  other  sections  meas¬ 
ured  by  the  members  of  the  Survey  and  Cooperative  Mining  Investi¬ 
gations  are  printed  in  detail  in  the  following  pages. 


44 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


MEASURED  SECTIONS  OF  NO.  5  COAL 
DERING  MINES  CO.  MINE  NO.  3,  NEAR  ELDORADO  1 

Section  1 — Boom  13,  off  6th  west  entry  off  south 
(See  Plate  VII,  No.  1) 


Thickness 
Ft.  in. 


Bone  coal .  1  y2 

Coal,  dull  and  glance .  10 y2 

Coal,  as  above  with  knife  edges  of  “mother  coal” .  1 

Coal,  dull  and  glance .  1  6 

Coal  with  bands  of  “mother  coal” .  3 

Coal  .  11 


4  8 

Section  2 — Room  1  of  1st  east  entry  off  south 


Coal,  dull  and  glance  with  one  small  sulphur  lens .  1  6 

Coal,  with  a  few  streaks  of  charcoal .  2  8 

Sulphur  streak  . 

Coal  .  10 


5 


HARRISBURG  IilG  MUDDY  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  14,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Room  3  off  2d  cast  entry  off  main  north  entry  1,300  feet  northeast  of  shaft 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  2) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal  .  5  11 


1  Formerly  Eldorado  Coal  and  Mining  Co.,  mine  No.  1. 


I 


T 


.V  JoiiJreiG  ai  a 9C$s  imca  ctroit  l£Oj>  3  oTC  io 


•  •■  O  ,  i  ',  fiiiiaiiijsH 

^rr^qrao: )  UxO  vJ  tuoO  :iUi-,8 

.v.irjsqtaoD.  IboD  vjjinoO  anHsS 

l:>0  yhruoO  :#b3 

-  o/jEim  .yauqraoD  fnoO  nosaeW 

' 

■  ASfiitin&qo  ;  4r 


.8 

.e 

.01 

.n 

,?r 


o 

•  O 


.£1  .OV£  >0ta. 


.oVl 
.Viruqnf 


.8  .eM 


.t  .0 

..3  ..o 

,4i  .Yi 


Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  VII 


7 


Plate  VII.  Graphic  sections  of  No  6  coal  from 

1.  Dering  Mines  Company,  mine  No.  3. 

2.  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  14. 

3.  Saline  County  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  3. 

4.  O'Gara  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  4. 

5.  O’Gara  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  7.1 

6.  O’Gara  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  8. 

7.  O’Gara  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  9. 


measurements  in  mines  in  District  V. 

8  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  12. 

9  Saline  County  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  2. 

10  Saline  County  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  3. 

11.  Saline  County  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  6. 

12  Wasson  Coal  Company,  mine  No.  1. 

13  Gallatin  Coal  and  Coke  Company,  mine  No.  1.* 

‘Not  operating.  ‘Abandoned. 


9-1 


a- 


2- 


i- 


0-1 


LEGEND 


Shale 

Fire 

olay 

S 

Sulphur 

C 

Charcoal 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


45 


O'GARA  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  4,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 


Section  1 — Entry  8  south  off  main  east 1 
(See  Plate  VI,  No.  4) 


Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

“Mother  coal”  streak 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 

Sulphur  . 

Coal  . 


Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

8V2 

16 

1  91/4 

% 
51/s 

A 

51/2 

% 

53/4 

% 

4 

8 

% 

•  •  1lT> 

8 


6  2* 


O’GARA  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  4,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Section  2 

Coal  with  small  sulphur  streak .  8 

Dirt  .  % 

Coal  .  1  1% 

“Mother  coal”  .  14 

Coal  .  6 M> 

Sulhpur  and  dirt  streak . 

Coal  with  thin  streaks  of  dirt  and  sulphur . ..  6 

Shale,  gray .  3 

Coal,  clean  .  6 

“Mother  coal”  .  14 

Coal,  banded  .  7% 

Coal  with  thin  streaks  of  “mother  coal” .  6 

Coal  with  plates  of  sulphur  on  faces .  1  5 


Section  3 


Coal,  very  good,  clean 


6  3 

7  6 


1  U.  9.  Bureau  of  Mines  Bull.  22,  Pt.  II,  p.  508,  1913. 


46 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


O’GARA  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  8,  NEAR  ELDORADO 

Room  1  off  1st  north  entry  7 00  feet  east  of  shaft 
(See  Plate  VII,  No.  6) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal  .  4  914 

O’GARA  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  9,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Section  1 — Fourth  south  entry  off  J/th  east  south 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 


Top  bench  .  1  1 

Lower  bench;  coal  laminated  and  filled  with  slips;  consider¬ 
able  calcite  .  6 


7  1 

Section  2 — Face  10th  east  entry  off  main  south 

Top  coal  .  1  1 

Lower  bench  .  4 


5 

Section  3 — Room  off  the  3d  southeast  entry 
(See  Plate  VII,  No.  7) 


Bone  coal  .  3 

Coal,  variable  thickness .  10 

Parting  . 

Coal  .  5  8 


6  9 


HARRISBURG  BIG  MUDDY  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  12,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Room  1  off  2  east  entry  off  north  entry 
(See  Plate  VII,  No.  8) 


Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal  .  2  3 

Sulphur  .  1 

Coal  .  2  8 


5 


SALINE  COUNTY  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  2,  NEAR  CARRIERS  MILLS 

Room  If  off  1st  west  entry  off  main  south,  350  feet  northwest  of  shaft 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  9) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 


10 

y6 

6  6 


4% 


Coal  . . 
Sulphur 
Coal  . . 


7 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


47 


SALINE  COUNTY  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  3,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Sectio7i  1 — Face  of  main  east  entry 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal,  very  bright,  hard  glance  and  dull  coal,  contains  sulphur 

bands  and  “mother  coal’’  layers;  harder  at  bottom .  6  6 

Sectio?i  2 — Room  1  off  the  2d  southeast  entry 
(See  Plate  VII,  No.  3) 

Top  coal;  glance  and  dull  coal  mixed;  very  few  bands  of 

glance  coal  and  a  little  sulphur.  Harder  than  bottom  coal  .  .  11 

Parting — 

Coal,  soft;  a  mixture  of  coal  and  partings  of  bone .  7 Vs 

Coal,  same  as  in  section  1 .  4  7 


6  1% 

Section  3 — Face  of  the  main  west  air  course 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  10) 

Top  coal,  hard .  6 

Coal,  laminated,  with  considerable  bone  and  some  clay  bands 

and  lenses  . . .  1  4 

Bottom  bench  .  4  10 


6  8 

SALINE  COUNTY  COAL  CO.,  NO.  6  MINE  NEAR  ELDORADO 

Entry  face  off  the  5th  north  entry  off  the  main  west,  2,000  feet  from  shaft 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  11) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal,  bright  .  2  9 

Sulphur  band  .  1 

Coal,  bright  .  6 

“Mother  coal”  .  1 

Coal,  bright  .  1  7 


5 

WASSON  COAL  CO.,  MINE  NO.  1,  NEAR  HARRISBURG 

Room  face,  1st  and  2d  north  off  main  west  entry,  1,500  feet  from  shaft 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  12) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

8 


4  5 


Coal,  bright  . . 
Sulphur  streak 
Coal,  bright  .  . 


5 


2Vo 


4S 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


GALLATIN  COAL  AND  COKE  CO.,  MINE  NO.  1,  NEAR  EQUALITY 

Room  16  off  2d  north  main  entry,  5,000  feet  northeast  of  shaft 

(See  Plate  VII,  No.  13) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Coal,  clean .  10 

Sulphur  . . 

Coal,  clean  .  3  % 

Sulphur  . 

Coal,  clean  .  10 

4  sy2 

DISCUSSION  OF  COAL  SECTIONS 

Coal  sections  such  as  have  been  presented  in  graphic  and  written 
form  furnish  a  concrete  picture  of  the  thickness  of  the  bed  and  also 
show  the  persistence,  position,  and  thickness  of  bedded  impurities, 
or  of  the  various  benches  in  the  seam.  Inspection  of  the  various 
graphic  sections  will  fail  to  reveal  any  persistent  bedded  impurity 
by  which  the  coal  is  divided  into  benches,  although  some  of  the  sec¬ 
tions  show  a  division  near  the  top  of  the  seam,  a  foot  or  less  from  the 
roof,  which  is  a  common  plane  of  parting  within  the  seam,  separating 
an  upper  thin  bench  from  a  thicker  bench  below.  Some  sections  show 
a  sulphur  or  clay  parting  at  this  place,  but  in  other  places  the  parting 
does  not  seem  to  be  accompanied  by  impurities. 

GENERAL  APPEARANCE  OF  NO.  5  COAL 

By  the  Cooperative  observers,  the  Harrisburg  (No.  5)  coal  is 
commonly  described  as  bright,  and  hard;  very  thin  bands  of  bright  or 
glance  coal  alternate  with  somewhat  thicker  bands  of  dull  coal.  Lay¬ 
ers  of  mother  coal  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  so  in  thickness  occur  here 
and  there  in  the  bed,  and  sulphur  is  to  be  seen  in  small  balls  or  in 
thin  lenses  and  partings.  Calcite  flakes  along  the  cleavage  planes  are 
always  present.  In  general  the  bed  has  a  brighter  look  than  the 
No.  6  coal  and  is  somewhat  harder.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether 
there  are  any  criteria  of  practical  application  that  serve  as  distinguish¬ 
ing  characteristics. 

In  some  of  the  mines  in  the  district,  No.  5  coal  is  characterized 
by  a  rather  well  developed  cleavage  or  cleat  in  two  directions.  For 
instance,  in  mine  No.  9  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company  the  following 
cleat  was  observed. 

Room  1,  3d  north  entry  off  3d  east  south — 

Cleat:  N.  60°  E. 

N.  35°  W. 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


49 


5th  north  entry  off  3d  east  south — 

Cleat:  N.  55°  E. 

N.  32°  W. 

Room  3  off  9th  east,  off  the  main  south  entry— 

Cleat:  N. 52° E. 

N.  32°  W. 

1st  north  entry,  off  the  2d  west  north — 

Cleat:  N.  55°  E. 

Such  cleavage  is  not  known  to  be  general  for  the  district. 

IRREGULARITIES  OF  NO.  5  COAL 

The  irregularities  in  coal  beds  are  of  three  sorts:  (1)  bedded 
impurities,  (2)  structural  irregularities,  and  (3)  igneous  intrusions. 

Bedded  impurities. — Bedded  impurities  include  any  material  of  a 
sedimentary  character  that  takes  the  place  of  some  of  the  coal.  Such 


Floor 

Fig.  e. — Diagrammatic  illustration  of  bedded  impurities  in  mine  No.  7,  O’Gara 
Coal  Company,  face,  2d  south  off  7th  west.  Mine  not  now  operated. 


impurities  vary  from  thin  laminae  of  clay,  iron  pyrites  (sulphur),  or 
bone,  to  masses  of  sandstone  that  take  the  place  of  the  entire  coal 
bed  along  narrow  channels.  Bedded  impurities  in  No.  5  coal  are  of 
the  usual  character.  Not  uncommonly,  especially  in  the  middle  of  the 
bed,  thin  streaks  of  clay  with  iron  pyrite  are  associated  with  rather 
numerous  laminae  of  mineral  charcoal  or  mother  coal,  so  that  the  coal 
looks  dirtier  in  this  part  of  the  seam  (see  Plate  VII,  No.  4)  than  at 
the  top  or  bottom.  A  streak  or  layer  of  clay  and  sulphur  a  fraction  of 
an  inch  in  thickness  is  not  uncommon  between  the  upper  and  lower 
bench. 

In  some  places  bedded  impurities  become  of  serious  importance. 
For  example  in  the  abandoned  mine  No.  7  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Com¬ 
pany  at  Carriers  Mills,  No.  5  coal  in  places  is  7  feet  6  inches  thick 
but  about  %y2  feet  from  the  top  is  a  bed  of  mixed  shale  and  coal  3^ 
feet  thick,  separating  the  coal  into  two  beds  and  rendering  it  unminable 


50 


ILLINOIS  MIXING  INVESTIGATIONS 


in  the  parts  of  the  mine  where  this  occurs  (see  fig.  6).  Similarly 
in  mine  No.  15  of  the  Harrisburg  Saline  Collieries  Company  and  in 
mine  No.  2  of  the  Saline  County  Coal  Company  a  mass  of  clay  divides 
the  coal  into  two  benches  (see  fig.  7).  On  the  east  side  of  mine  No. 
15  the  clay  bed  attains  a  thickness  of  at  least  3 y2  feet.  The  upper 
bench  of  coal  is  not  mined  when  the  shale  becomes  thicker  than  3  feet, 
so  that  measurements  are  not  available,  but  its  thickness  seems  to  be 
11  inches  very  persistently.  The  lower  bench  is  possibly  4  to  8  inches 
thinner  where  the  clay  parting  is  thick,  but  there  is  no  very  con- 


Fig.  7. — Photograph  of  a  parting  in  the  coal  bed  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline  County 

Coal  Company. 

spicuous  difference  in  different  places.  On  the  west  side  of  the  mine  a 
similar  clay  seam  lies  near  the  middle  of  the  coal  separating  it  into 
two  thin  beds  each  of  which  finally  becomes  unminable.  The  dis¬ 
tribution  and  character  of  this  “faulty  condition”  of  the  coal  near 
mine  No.  15  is  illustrated  by  the  graphic  sections  and  map  shown  in 
Plate  VIII.  The  conditions  in  mine  No.  2  are  in  a  limited  area  like 
those  on  the  west  and  northwest  side  of  mine  No.  15.  Such  an  inter¬ 
ruption  of  the  coal  would  possibly  receive  the  name  “fault”  from  the 
miners,  but  it  is  to  be  distinguished  from  the  fault  of  the  geologist 
and  engineer  by  whom  the  word  is  used  to  designate  a  break  and  move¬ 
ment  along  a  fracture  plane. 

Irregular  conditions  in  the  coal  in  the  mine  at  Galatia  are  due 
to  depositional  impurities.  Conditions  here  are  very  unusual  for  No.  5 


0  1000 _ 2000 _ 3000 

Scale  in  feet 


Plate  VIII.  Map  and  graphic  sections  showing  distribution  of  faults  in  and  near  mine  No.  15.  Harrisburg  Saline  Colliery  Company. 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


51 


coal.  The  lower  G  inches  to  nearly  3  feet  of  the  coal  contains  layers 
of  carbonaceous  shale  or  “bone”  that  render  that  part  of  the  bed  un¬ 
marketable.  The  middle  of  the  bed  is  generally  fairly  clean  for  a 
thickness  of  3  to  5  feet.  The  upper  part  of  the  bed  is  again  inter- 
bedded  with  shale  the  partings  increasing  in  number  and  thickness  to 
the  top  of  the  bed,  which  in  this  mine  is  about  6  feet  thick.  The  actual 
position  of  the  top  of  the  bed  is  rather  difficult  to  ascertain  because 
stringers  of  coal  apparently  leading  out  from  the  coal  bed  can  be 
traced  to  as  much  as  5  or  6  feet  above  the  coal,  and  in  places  possibly 
as  much  as  10  feet.  This  shale  contains  a  large  amount  of  organic 
material,  and  impressions  of  leaves  and  stems  are  exceedingly  numer¬ 
ous  in  the  roof  of  the  entries.  In  places  the  interbedding  of  coal 
and  roof  shale  begins  as  much  as  3  or  4  feet  below  the  top  of  the 
coal  and  conditions  similar  to  those  characteristic  of  a  “roll”,  as 
described  later,  are  encountered.  The  shale  roof  in  this  mine  is  un¬ 
usually  treacherous  and  “slippy”,  planes  of  weakness  apparently  having 
been  produced  as  a  result  of  the  differential  movement  between  differ¬ 
ent  parts  of  the  mass  during  shrinkage. 

Conditions  in  this  mine  are  further  complicated  by  the  exist¬ 
ence  of  a  probable  plane  of  erosion  which  crosses  the  horizon  of  the 

coal  bed.  Erosion  of  the  roof  shale  and  of  the  coal  seems  to  have 
taken  place  on  the  east  side  of  the  mine  along  what  may  prove  to  be 

the  extension  of  the  sandstone  “fault”  discovered  by  drilling  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Harrisburg  Township.  In  the  erosion  channel  thus 
formed  sandstone  was  deposited,  which  in  places  passes  through  and 
cuts  out  the  coal  bed. 

In  one  or  two  of  the  mines  southwest  of  Harrisburg  a  bedded  im¬ 
purity  known  as  “bone”  appears  in  the  upper  part  of  the  coal.  In  mine 
No.  9  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company  this  material  renders  the  upper 
foot  to  three  feet  of  the  coal  worthless.  The  impurity  is  variable 
in  character.  In  places  it  seems  to  be  calcareous  balls  or  lenses  up  to 
4  inches  in  diameter,  containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  iron  sul¬ 
phide.  Elsewhere  the  upper  part  of  the  seam  is  a  succession  of  thin 
laminae  of  black  slate  and  coal.  The  “bone”  coal  is  commonly  crossed 
by  many  smoothed  surfaces,  especially  where  calcareous  nodules  are 
present,  showing  that  there  has  been  considerable  adjustment  between 
different  parts  of  the  bed. 

Rolls  have  not  the  same  frequency  of  occurrence  in  this  bed  as 
they  have  in  No.  6  coal  in  District  VI.  Rolls  are  commonly  the  re¬ 
sult  of  the  deposition  of  shale  similar  to  that  composing  the  roof  in 
relatively  small  depressions  in  the  surface  of  the  peat  before  it  had 
consolidated  into  coal.  The  movements  between  the  parts  of  the  roof 


52 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


overlying  the  coal  where  a  roll  is  situated,  because  of  the  unequal 
thickness  of  the  coal  below  the  roll  and  the  coal  on  all  sides,  tended  to 
weaken  the  roof  at  this  place  and  as  a  result  “smooths”  penetrate  the 
rolls  forming  treacherous  places  to  undermine.  (See  fig.  8.) 

Removal  of  part  of  the  bed  possibly  by  erosion  not  long  after 
the  peat  was  deposited  seems  to  explain  the  absence  of  the  coal  bed 
along  the  line  of  the  channel  deposits  indicated  on  the  structure- 
contour  maps  near  the  line  separating  Rs.  5  and  6  E. 


Scale  in  feet 


Fig.  8. — Diagrammatic  illustration  of  rolls  showing  tendency  of  roof  shale  to 
occur  in  lenses  with  slickensided  surfaces.  North  side  of  mine,  1st 
north,  2d  west,  north,  mine  No.  9,  O’Gara  Coal  Company. 

Structural  irregularities. — Structural  irregularities  in  the  Harris¬ 
burg  (No.  5)  coal  are  of  three  kinds:  slips,  faults,  and  folds.  The 
faults  are  apparently  associated  with  another  type  of  irregularity — the 
igneous  intrusion.  Slips  are  commonly  filled  with  clay  and  are  then 
called  clay  veins. 

Slips,  like  rolls,  are  more  or  less  common  to  all  coal  beds.  They 
seem  to  be  more  common  in  coals  not  having  a  limestone  roof  or  cap 
rock,  of  which  the  Harrisburg  coal  is  an  example,  than  in  coals  having 
a  solid  roof  such  as  is  typical  of  No.  6  coal.  They  are  believed  in 
places  at  least  to  be  due  to  adjustments  in  the  bed  and  associated 
strata  accompanying  the  shrinkage  of  the  coal  bed.  It  is  not  improb¬ 
able  that  this  process  of  shrinkage  produces  an  actual  downward  move¬ 
ment  of  the  beds  over  the  coal  through  a  distance  of  at  least  five  times 
the  thickness  of  the  coal  bed  below.1  Where  the  coal  is  of  uniform 
thickness  this  downward  movement  will  be  uniform  over  large  areas, 
but  where  differences  in  thickness  are  common,  differential  movement 
will  take  place  and  one  part  of  the  roof  will  move  against  other 
parts.  Release  from  pressure  may  in  places  be  effected  downward  or 

1  Savage,  T.  E.,  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Springfield  quadrangle. 
Illinois:  Ill.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  20,  p.  118,  1915. 


COAL  BEOS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


53 


upward,  and  clay  be  thrust  either  upward  or  downward  into  cracks 
that  have  been  produced  in  the  coal  bed  itself.  Such  cracks  may  pro¬ 
ceed  entirely  through  the  bed  or  only  part  way. 


Fig.  9. — Map  showing  distribution  of  dikes  and  faults  in  and  near  mines  No.  8, 

No.  10,  and  No.  11,  O’Gara  Coal  Company. 


The  abundance  of  clay-filled  slips  in  No.  5  coal  is  one  of  the 
common  criteria  of  identification  of  the  bed,  although  in  this  area  such 
slips  are  not  especially  characteristic.  The  material  filling  one  of 
these  slips  consisted  of  fragments  of  hard  shale  and  pieces  of  coal  in 
a  structureless  matrix  of  gray  clay,  the  whole  being  very  hard.  The 
coal  fragments  contained  in  the  slip  seemed  to  indicate  that  the 
fracturing  of  the  seam  must  have  taken  place  after  the  coal  had 
attained  nearly  its  present  hardness. 


54 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


Faults  are  more  common  in  this  than  in  any  other  of  the  eight 
coal  districts.  Scarcely  a  mine  but  has  one  or  more  displacement,  and 
between  mine  No.  1  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company  and  mine  No.  12 
of  the  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Company  the  coal  has  been  offset 
over  100  feet.  The  position  of  the  various  faults  is  indicated  on  the 
structure  map,  Plate  I,  and  figures  4  and  9  show  some  of  these  in 
greater  detail. 

Figure  10  is  the  reproduction  of  a  sketch  of  a  fault  in  the  Dering 
Mines  Company’s  mine  No.  3  in  the  5th  west  entry  off  the  main  south. 


Dering  Mines  Company.  5th  west  entry  off  the  main  south. 

It  is  significant  not  so  much  in  the  amount  of  displacement  as  in  the 
fact  that  the  coal  along  the  lines  of  fracture  is  reported  to  be  coked,  as 
though  hot  gases  at  some  time  after  the  faulting  had  traversed  the 
fault  planes. 

The  manner  in  which  the  faulting  breaks  the  coal  near  the  planes 
of  fracture  is  shown  in  figures  11  and  12,  the  former  from  Mine  No.  3 
of  the  Saline  County  Coal  Company,  and  the  latter  from  mine  No.  4 
of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company. 

The  faults  figured  above  are  all  of  the  normal  variety,  the  fault 
plane  sloping  toward  the  side  upon  which  the  coal  is  lowest.  T  hrust 
faults  are  apparently  less  common  in  this  field  than  are  normal  faults, 
but  at  least  one  example  has  been  observed  in  mine  No.  7  of  the 
O’Gara  Coal  Company  near  Carriers  Mills. 

The  general  trend  of  the  fault  lines  in  the  district  seems  to  be 
slightly  north  of  west  and  about  northeast.  4  he  same  mine  may  be  cut 
by  several  faults,  one  system  running  to  the  west  and  the  other  sys¬ 
tem  at  a  more  or  less  acute  angle  to  it.  (See  figures  4  and  9.)  The 
fault  lines  running  east  and  west  seem  to  be  the  more  persistent  and 
correspond  to  the  direction  of  regional  faulting  which  effects  a  belt 
across  the  entire  southern  part  of  the  State  east  from  Jackson  County. 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


55 


The  relative  elevations  of  the  coal  as  determined  by  drilling  in  the 
western  part  of  the  district,  is  suggestive  of  the  possibility  of  a  north 
and  south  zone  of  faulting  near  the  Williamson-Saline  county  line. 
This,  however,  in  entirely  hypothetical. 


/  / 

Pig.  11. — Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  breaking  of  coal  along  faults  in 

mine  No.  3,  Saline  County  Coal  Company. 


Fig.  12. — Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  breaking  of  coal  along  faults  in 

mine  No.  4,  O’Gara  Coal  Company. 


The  effect  of  the  faults  is  in  places  merely  to  offset  the  coal  bed 
a  few  inches,  the  coal  not  disappearing  from  the  face  of  the  entry  or 
room.  In  other  places,  especially  along  the  100-foot  fault,  the  bed  is 
lost  to  the  mine,  and  must  be  worked  from  another  shaft  or  at  least 
from  another  level  in  the  same  shaft.  When  a  mine  encounters  such 
a  fault  it  is  commonly  necessary  to  search  for  the  lost  bed  with  the 
drill. 

In  some  of  the  mines  irregularities  in  the  level  of  the  coal  bed 
occur  which  are  apparently  due  to  flexure.  For  instance,  in  mine  No.  9 
of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company,  the  coal  bed  is  affected  by  a  series  of 
flexures,  the  coal  thinning  down  a  foot  or  so  on  the  rises.  Some  of  the 
high  points  apparently  slope  in  all  directions  toward  the  “swags.” 
Such  phenomena  may  be  due  to  irregularities  in  original  deposition. 


56 


1IXIN0IS  MIXING  INVESTIGATIONS 


however,  rather  than  to  subsequent  folding.  In  mine  No.  12  of  the 
Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Company  the  coal  slopes  northward 
toward  the  large  fault  on  the  north  side  of  the  mine.  The  elevations 
of  the  coal  at  the  fault  and  about  one-half  a  mile  south  show  a  dif¬ 
ference  of  85  feet. 


Fig.  13. — Map  showing  distribution  of  dikes  and  faults  in  the  vicinity  of 

Harrisburg. 

The  lay  of  the  coal  in  the  Wasson  No.  1  mine  is  indicated  by 
contours  shown  in  figure  4.  Such  irregularities  are  probably  more  or 
less  common  in  all  the  mines,  the  general  regional  northward  dip  not 

being  uniform  from  place  to  place.  However  they  offer  no  great 
obstacle  to  mining  in  the  district. 

Dikes. — Igneous  intrusions  are  found  in  a  number  of  the  mines 
in  the  Harrisburg  region  from  Eldorado  south  to  Carriers  Mills. 
Observations  and  sketches  of  the  dikes  have  been  made  in  six  mines. 
The  structure  map  (PI.  I)  shows  the  position  of  these  as  well  as  of 
other  known  dikes,  while  the  accompanying  outline  map  of  the  vicinity 
of  Harrisburg  (fig.  13)  shows  in  greater  detail  the  general  distribution 
of  the  dikes  in  that  vicinity. 


T  9  S. 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


57 


The  following  notes  taken  by  observers  indicate  the  character  of 
the  dikes  in  five  mines. 

In  mine  No.  3  of  the  Dering  Mines  Company  (see  figure  14)  the  line  of 
contact  between  the  dike  and  the  coal  is  very  irregular,  whereas  the  line 
of  contact  between  the  roof  shale  and  the  dike  is  sharp.  The  roof  adjacent  to 


Normal  Altered  Coked  Coked  Altered  Normal 

0  1  2  3  4  5  6 


Sr.ale  in  feet  'XX  V 

Flo.  14 —Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  3,  Dering  Mines 

Company. 


0  1  2  3  4  5  6 
Scale  in  feet 

Fig.  15.— Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  bearing  northwest  and  southeast 
on  the  east  side  of  mine  No.  8,  O’Gara  Coal  Company. 

the  dike  is  good.  The  coked  coal  on  either  side  of  the  dike  is  cut  by  veins 
of  calcite.  Similar  veins  also  traverse  the  dike  commonly  lying  parallel  to 
the  dip  of  the  dike.  The  intrusion  is  approximately  parallel  to  a  step  fault 
that  runs  in  a  general  northerly  direction  through  the  mine. 

In  mine  No.  8  of  the  O’Gara  Coal  Company  (see  figure  15)  a  dike  which 
is  6  to  8  feet  wide  occurs  on  the  east  side,  bearing  northwest.  It  is  a  hard, 
fine-grained,  gray  igneous  rock,  similar  to  that  found  in  other  mines.  For 
nearly  20  feet  the  coal  has  been  coked  on  both  sides  of  the  dike.  In  the 
coke  adjacent  to  the  intrusion  are  many  streaks  of  calcite,  and  the  contact 
between  the  dike  and  coal  is  in  many  places  accompanied  by  calcite  crystals. 

In  mine  No.  2  of  the  Saline  County  Coal  Company  (see  figure  16)  a 
dike  which  has  been  traced  for  about  half  a  mile  is  a  very  troublesome 
feature.  At  the  point  where  it  was  examined  it  was  nearly  300  feet  in  width. 
The  rock  is  highly  crystalline  with  micas  and  ferromagnesian  minerals 


58 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


0  2  4  6  8  10 

Scale  in  feet 

Fig.  16. — Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  large  dike  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline 
County  Coal  Company.  North  side  entry;  3d  east  main  south,  3d  east 
1st  south,  4th  south,  3d  east. 


Fig.  17. — Plan  of  mine  No.  2,  J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Co  ,  showing  location  of 

dikes  and  fault. 


sVA'-O — J 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


59 


predominating.  The  coal  has  been  greatly  metamorphosed  at  and  near  the 
contact.  At  the  contact  and  for  about  3  feet  from  it  a  large  amount  of 
silicification  has  taken  place.  Small  stringers  of  the  dike  are  numerous  and 
although  the  material  may  be  recognized  as  coal,  the  mass  is  very  hard  and 
presents  a  somewhat  resinous  appearance.  The  small  masses  of  coal  enclosed 
by  the  dike  all  display  the  same  characteristics  as  the  wall  rock.  Outside 
of  the  zone  of  silicification  the  coal  has  been  coked.  The  coke  is  lighter  in 


Pig.  18. — Dike  in  mine  No.  2,  Saline  County  Coal  Company.  Photo  by  C.  M. 

Young. 

weight  than  the  coal  but  it  does  not  show  the  porosity  of  coke  made  by  a 
mine  fire.  This  coking  was  apparently  done  under  the  original  conditions  of 
rock  pressure.  Between  the  coke  and  the  normal  coal  is  a  variable  zone, 
usually  not  exceeding  2  feet  in  width,  of  what  the  miners  term  “dead  coal.” 
This  material  is  soft  and  smutty,  having  lost  its  original  brittle  character. 

At  the  east  side  the  igneous  rock  forms  a  sill,  resting  above  the  coal. 
Midway  in  the  bed  below  very  little  change  has  taken  place. 

In  No.  2  mine  of  the  J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Company  what  appear  to  be  two 
dikes  cross  the  workings  between  the  main  shaft  and  air  shaft  and  have 
been  encountered  at  intervals  for  a  distance  of  1,200  to  1,400  feet,  practically 
across  the  present  extension  of  the  workings.  The  plan  of  the  mine  with  the 
probable  position  of  the  dike  is  shown  in  figure  17.  The  larger  of  the  two 
dikes  has  a  thickness  of  about  60  feet  and  the  smaller  is  about  30  feet  thick 
and  less.  They  trend  in  a  general  northwest-southeast  direction,  the  larger 
one  diverging  to  the  south.  To  the  north  both  of  the  dikes  are  split  or  con¬ 
tain  blocks  of  coke.  The  smaller  dike  has  coked  the  coal  for  a  distance  of 
about  7  feet  and  the  larger  for  a  distance  of  about  10  feet. 


60 


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COAL  BEOS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


61 


Figure  18  is  a  photograph  of  a  small  dike  in  the  same  mine. 

The  sketch  of  a  dike  reproduced  in  figure  19  was  drawn  in  mine  No.  6 
of  the  Saline  County  Coal  Company.  The  location  in  the  mine  is  about  450 
feet  east  of  shaft  on  the  north  side  of  the  main  east  entry. 


0  1  2  3  4  5  6 

1 - I - 4 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 

Scale  in  feet 


Fig.  19. — Diagrammatic  illustration  of  a  dike  in  mine  No.  6,  Saline  County 
Coal  Company.  This  dike  has  been  traced  1,750  feet.  Side  view,  north 
main  east,  450  feet  east  of  shaft.  Direction  N.  10°  W  . 

A  sample  of  the  dike  taken  from  one  of  the  mines  at  Eldorado  is 
reported  by  Dr.  Albert  Johannsen  of  the  University  of  Chicago  to  be 
olivine  kersantite.  “Microscopically  the  rock  is  greenish-black  with 
occasional  prominent  glassy  black  phenocrysts  from  1  to  2  mm.  in 
diameter  and  contains  many  glistening  white,  metallic-looking  mica 
flakes,  in  a  greenish  aphanitic  groundmass.” 

Table  7  shows  the  general  distribution  of  structural  irregularities 
in  the  mines  in  this  district.  The  list  is  based  upon  information  about 
three  years  old,  so  that  some  of  the  recently  found  dikes  or  faults  may 
not  be  included  in  the  table. 

ROOF  OF  NO.  5  COAL 

The  immediate  roof  of  No.  5  coal  in  the  mines  of  District  V  is 
commonly  a  draw  slate  which  varies  in  thickness  from  a  knife  edge 
to  about  6  inches.  In  one  mine  at  least  this  draw  slate  occurs  in 
two  beds,  one  of  which  falls  some  time  before  the  other.  Above  the 
draw  slate  there  occurs  a  gray,  dark  gray,  or  black  shale  or  “slate, ” 
which  forms  the  permanent  roof  of  the  mines.  In  the  east  part  of  the 
area  a  limestone  cap  rock  2  to  20  feet  above  No.  5  coal  seems  to  be 
rather  general. 

The  character  of  the  strata  above  the  coal,  as  determined  by 
drilling  in  the  district,  is  shown  in  Table  8.  It  is  not  generally 
practicable  to  separate  draw  slate  from  overlying  dark  shale  in  a 
drill  core,  so  this  rarely  if  ever  is  described  in  the  record.  The 
table  as  read  from  left  to  right  gives  the  strata  in  the  order  of  their 
occurrence  above  the  coal.  It  shows  a  general  consistency  in  the 
succession  above  the  coal  over  large  areas. 


Table  8. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  ttaline  and  Gallatin  counties 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


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Taulk  8. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Ualine  and  Gallatin  counties — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


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(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


66 


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Taiu-k  8. _ Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  o  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


68 


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Takle  8. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


70  ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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Table  8. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  comities — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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Tahi.ic  8. — Charade?'  of  the  roof  of  No.  J  eoal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


74 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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A  V 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


77 


The  characteristics  of  the  roof  of  No.  5  coal  are  presented  in 
greater  detail  in  the  following  selections  from  observations  made  in 
the  mines  by  members  of  the  Investigations. 

O'Gara  Coal  Co.,  mine  No.  9 

The  roof  is  of  gray  shale  which  is  darker  than  the  shale  above  No.  6 
coal.  It  holds  up  well  in  parts  of  the  mine.  On  the  west  side  of  the  mine, 
bony  coal  and  carbonaceous  shale  with  partings  and  some  horizontal  slip 
planes  form  a  poor  roof.  Four  to  five  inches  of  draw  slate  occur  in  some 
places  beneath  the  bone. 

In  places  on  the  north  side  of  the  mine  the  roof  is  full  of  slips  and 
very  hard  to  hold  (see  fig.  8).  Where  slips  are  common  the  slate  is 
generally  blacker,  and  is  filled  with  plant  impressions.  Bone  coal  replaces 
the  top  bench  in  a  part  of  the  mine.  Over  some  of  the  area  it  falls  in 
blocks  and  is  gobbed,  but  where  it  will  stay  up  the  bone  is  left  for  roof 
and  makes  a  fairly  good  top.  The  parting  below  the  bone  is  very  distinct. 

Where  the  top  is  normal  it  falls  in  thin  tabular  pieces.  The  shale 
has  a  pitted  appearance  due  to  small  pyrite  balls  included  in  it.  A  num¬ 
ber  of  slips  occur  in  the  roof  shale  in  parts  of  the  mine,  producing  an  unsafe 
condition  of  the  roof. 


—_Gray  Shale - 


0  1  2  3  4  5  6 

Scale  in  feet 


Fig.  20. — Diagrammatic  illustration  showing  character  of  roof  in  mine 
No.  6,  Saline  County  Coal  Company. 

Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co.,  mine  No.  12 

The  draw  slate  is  thicker  than  common.  In  places  part  of  it  stays  up 
for  a  long  time,  2  inches  falling  and  about  4  inches  remaining  in  the 
roof  until  the  face  has  advanced  40  to  50  feet. 

Saline  County  Coal  Co.,  mine  No.  3 

The  roof  is  a  dark  gray  shale  containing  a  very  little  sand  and  holding 
sulphur  balls  in  parts  of  the  mine  only.  It  falls  in  small  lenticular  frag¬ 
ments. 

Saline  County  Coal  Co.,  mine  No.  6 

The  black  slate  is  the  normal  roof.  It  contains  great  numbers  of 
“niggerheads”  that  range  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  4  feet  in  diameter 


78 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


The  contact  with  the  coal  is  irregular,  since  the  concretions  extend  down 
into  the  top  of  the  coal,  in  places  cutting  out  as  much  as  a  foot  or  two  of 
the  bed.  In  places  a  light-colored  shale  known  as  “white  top”  lies  between 
the  coal  and  black  slate.  (See  fig.  20.)  This  shale  may  occur  in  a  depres¬ 
sion  in  the  surface  of  the  coal,  but  the  coal  below  such  places  is  com¬ 
monly  thicker  than  elsewhere. 

FLOOR  OF  NO.  5  COAL 

The  floor  of  No.  5  coal  is  most  commonly  clay,  called  “fire  clay”. 
Locally  a  very  sandy  shale,  almost  a  sandstone,  is  found  below  the 
coal,  and  in  other  places  the  floor  clay  is  known  to  be  very  car¬ 
bonaceous.  The  accompanying  table  (Table  9)  gives  the  character 
of  the  floor  in  several  of  the  mines  in  the  district  as  noted  in  the 
observations  by  members  of  the  Survey  and  Investigations. 


Table  9. — Character  of  the  floor  of  No.  5  coal  in  several  mines  in  Saline  and 

Gallatin  counties 


Mine 

Floor 

Character 

Thickness 

Dering  Mines  Co.,  No.  3 . 

Hard  dark  “fire  clay” . 

Feet 

5 

Gallatin  Coal  &  Coke  Co.,  No.  1. 

“Fire  clav”  . 

3+ 

Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co., 
No.  12  . 

“Fire  clay”  . 

9 

Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Co., 

No.  14  . 

“Fire  clay”  or  shale . 

9 

O’Gara  Coal  Co.,  No.  3 . 

Sandy  “fire  clay” . 

2 

Limestone  below  clay . 

y2 

O’Gara  Coal  Co.,  No.  8 . 

Hard  “fire  clay” . 

? 

O’Gara  Coal  Co.,  No.  9 . 

Carbonaceous  shale  . 

9 

Saline  County  Coal  Co.,  No.  6.. 

Hard  “fire  clay” . 

10 

Wasson  Coal  Co.,  No.  1 . 

Hard  gray  sandy  shale . 

5± 

. 

The  floor  is  commonly  hard  and  not  likely  to  heave  or  swell, 
although  rarely  there  is  some  trouble  when  the  floor  becomes  wet. 

The  combination  of  hard  roof  and  floor  characterizing  the  coal 
of  this  district  makes  possible  a  product  containing  a  minimum  of 
foreign  material  in  the  way  of  roof  and  floor  fragments.  The  con¬ 
ditions  in  some  of  the  mines  in  the  district  are  possibly  better  than 
in  others,  but  in  general  the  reasonable  ease  of  producing  a  clean 
coal  is  a  trade  factor  in  favor  of  coal  from  this  bed  in  the  Harris¬ 
burg  region. 

NO.  OA  COAL 

The  general  distribution  of  No.  5 A  coal — the  thin  coal  that  lies 
about  midway  between  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals — has  been  discussed 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


79 


earlier  in  the  report.  This  coal  possibly  becomes  of  workable  thick¬ 
ness  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  area,  especially  in  T.  9  S.,  R.  7  E.,  and 
possibly  in  adjoining  parts  of  Gallatin  County.  It  is  not  known  to  have 
been  worked  at  any  time  in  this  district  but  has  been  mined  in  the 
Eagle  Valley  field.  It  is  thought  to  be  the  same  coal  as  the  Briar 
Hill  coal  of  Union  County,  Kentucky. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  Saline  County  this  bed  commonly  reaches 
a  thickness  of  2  feet  but  to  the  west  it  decreases  in  thickness  and 
finally  plays  out  near  the  Williamson  County  line. 

The  chemical  character  and  heating  value  of  the  coal  at  the  Peter 
Hine  mine  in  Eagle  Valley  is  as  follows: 

As  received 

Moisture  Volatile  matter  Fixed  carbon  Ash  Sulphur  B.  t.  u. 

3.94  38.13  45.95  11.98  3.53  12,449 

This  analysis  indicates  that  the  coal  is  as  good  as  the  No.  5  coal 
in  District  V,  for  the  high  percentage  of  ash  is  counterbalanced  by  the 
low  percentage  of  moisture. 

no.  6  COAL 
GENERAL  STATEMENT 

North  of  its  outcrop  No.  6  (Herrin)  coal  is  as  widespread  in  this 
district  as  No.  5  coal.  Indeed,  the  No.  6  bed  is  more  persistent  than 
the  lower  one,  as  it  does  not  seem  to  have  suffered  local  erosion  and 
removal  along  certain  belts  to  as  great  an  extent  as  No.  5.  This  is 
the  most  important  coal  bed  in  District  VI  on  the  west  and  is  destined 
to  be  extensively  worked  in  District  V.  The  No.  6  coal  of  this  region 
(frequently  referred  to  locally  as  No.  7)  is  probably  the  same  as  the 
No.  6  coal  of  the  Herrin,  Belleville,  Peoria,  and  Danville  regions.  It 
is  the  thickest  coal  in  the  State  over  large  areas  and  attains  a  thickness 
of  14  feet  in  Franklin  County.  Up  to  1916  this  bed  was  worked  in 
the  district  only  by  the  Galatia  Colliery  Company  and  by  a  few  wagon 
mines  in  Gallatin  County.  Since  1916  the  Galatia  mine  has  been 
deepened  to  No.  5  coal,  in  which  bed  it  is  now  operating. 

THICKNESS 

The  average  thickness  of  No.  6  coal  in  District  V  is  about  5  feet. 
It  is  known  to  vary  from  about  2  inches  to  about  8  feet,  but  it  is 
commonly  of  average  thickness.  Some  idea  of  the  variation  in  thick¬ 
ness  of  this  bed  can  be  obtained  from  a  study  of  the  following  table 
and  the  table  in  the  appendix,  compiled  from  the  coal  borings  in  the 
district.  As  in  the  case  of  No.  5  coal  the  actual  thickness  at  many  of 
the  drill  holes  must  be  obscured  because  of  the  confidential  character 
of  the  information. 


30 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


Table  10. — Thicknesses  of  No.  6  coal  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  as 

determined  by  drilling 


Location 

Number  of 

drill  holes 

Thickness 

Sec. 

T.  S. 

R.  E. 

Siline  County 

In 

dies 

18  to  20 

8 

5 

9 

62 

to 

82 

25  to  27 

8 

5 

11 

61 

to 

78 

28  to  31 

8 

5 

9 

65 

to 

76 

32  to  36 

8 

5 

10 

62 

to 

77 

15,  21  to  25 

8 

6 

11 

48 

to 

76 

26  to  29 

8 

6 

7 

12 

to 

66 

33  to  36 

8 

6 

6 

48 

to 

66 

10,  14,  15,  17  and  19 

8 

7 

6 

42 

to 

66 

22,  23,  26,  27,  and  28 

8 

7 

5 

24 

to 

60 

31  to  34 

8 

r? 

( 

4 

48 

to 

72 

1  to  3 

9 

5 

12 

2 

to 

65 

4  to  6 

9 

5 

8 

36 

to 

73 

7  to  9 

9 

5 

8 

63 

to 

72 

10  to  13 

9 

5 

'0 

55 

to 

79 

14  to  18 

9 

5 

8 

54 

to 

60 

19  to  21 

9 

5 

6 

24 

to 

72 

22  to  26 

9 

5 

10 

36 

to 

72 

1  to  4 

9 

6 

7 

48 

to 

61 

5  to  8 

9 

6 

10 

3 

to 

48 

9  to  12 

9 

6 

6 

33 

to 

63 

13  to  17 

9 

6 

9 

52 

to 

74 

18  to  20 

9 

6 

10 

42 

to 

68 

20,  23,  27,  and  28 

9 

6 

5 

24 

to 

95 

2  to  5 

9 

7 

7 

24 

to 

78 

6,  7,  9,  10,  and  11 

9 

7 

6 

45 

to 

60 

15  to  22 

9 

7 

6 

29 

to 

63 

Gallatin  County 

7  and  8 

9  l\ 

(  36 

to 

60 

8  and  9 

m| 

8 

1  47 

to 

68 

PHYSICAL  CHARACTERISTICS 

The  most  conspicuous  feature  of  No.  6  coal  is  the  “blue  band” 
(see  figure  21),  a  dirt  or  clay  band  found  almost  everywhere  18  to  30 
inches  above  the  floor,  generally  consisting  of  bone,  shale,  or  shaly  coal. 
Its  thickness  varies  from  one-half  to  2^4  inches  with  an  average  of 
about  1%  inches.  This  bedded  impurity  in  No.  6  coal  is  the  most  com- 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


81 


mon  criterion  of  identification  throughout  the  eastern  interior  coal 
basin  of  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky.  It  is  conspicuously  uniform 
in  its  position  in  the  lower  part  of  the  bed,  and  in  its  thickness  and 
lithologic  character. 

Commonly  the  coal  is  divided  into  three  benches.  The  top  bench 
is  from  about  one-fourth  to  one-sixth  the  thickness  of  the  entire  seam. 
The  lower  bench  which  lies  below  the  “blue  band”  is  commonly 
between  one  and  two  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  middle  bench  makes 


Fig.  21. — Photograph  of  the  “blue  band”  in  No.  6  coal.  From  Bulletin  11  of 

the  Coal  Mining  Investigations. 

up  the  remainder  of  the  seam.  In  the  mine  at  Galatia  the  upper  bench 
is  reported  8  to  10  inches  thick;  the  “blue  band”  varies  in  position  from 
as  low  as  13  inches  to  as  high  as  28  inches  above  the  floor.  Because 
of  its  distinct  division  into  benches,  No.  6  coal  is  locally  known  as  the 
“Bench”  coal  as  well  as  the  “Blue  band”  coal. 

Two  measured  sections  of  No.  6  coal,  as  observed  in  the  mine  at 
Galatia  by  members  of  the  Survey,  are  given  below  and  are  shown 
graphically  in  figure  22. 

The  general  characteristics  of  this  coal  have  been  described  in 
detail  in  the  report  on  District  VI  1  and  as  the  bed  is  much  the  same 
in  both  districts,  the  earlier  bulletin  may  be  consulted  if  further  infor¬ 
mation  relative  to  the  physical  characteristics  of  this  bed  is  desired. 

1  Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VI:  Ill.  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bull.  15,  1916. 


S2 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


GALATIA  COLLIERY  CO.,  NO.  5  (GALATIA)  MINE 

Section  1 — Main  south  entry 
(See  figure  22) 

Thickness 
Ft.  in. 

Top  coal .  8 

Sulphur,  0  to  y2  inch .  y2 

Middle  coal .  3  3 

Blue  band  1  to  1  y2  inch .  1  y2 

Bottom  coal .  2  4 

6  5 

Section  2 — 500  feet  northeast  of  shaft 
(See  figure  22) 

Top  coal . 10 

Bone  and  sulphur .  y2 

Middle  coal — 

Coal  .  4 

Charcoal  .  14 

Coal  .  4  y± 

Charcoal  .  y2 

Coal  .  6 

Charcoal  .  % 

Coal  .  6 

Sulphur  .  14 

Coal  .  1  10 

Blue  band  and  sulphur . 14 

Bottom  bench — 

Coal  .  3 

Charcoal  .  y2 

Coal  . 4 

Bone  coal .  y2 

Coal  .  51/2 


5  8y2 

ROOF  OF  NO.  6  COAL 

In  this  area  No.  G  coal  has  practically  everywhere  a  limestone  cap 
rock.  In  the  mine  at  Galatia  a  draw  slate  only  3  to  8  inches  thick 
separates  the  coal  from  the  cap  rock.  In  other  parts  of  the  area  the 
limestone  is  much  higher  above  the  coal. 

Table  11,  based  upon  drilling  records,  shows  the  character  of  the 
roof  of  No.  6  coal  in  many  places  in  the  district.  The  strata  tabulated 
lie  above  the  coal  in  the  order  read,  that  is,  in  the  first  case  listed  the 


COAL  BEDS  OF  DISTRICT  V 


83 


coal  is  overlain  by  6  inches  of  black  shale,  which  in  turn  is  overlain 
by  2  feet  6  inches  of  black  ‘‘slate”  and  that  by  2  feet  6  inches  of  lime¬ 
stone.  The  sandstone  appearing  in  the  last  column  is  generally  above 
the  limestone  and  is  possibly  the  Anvil  Rock  sandstone  of  the  Kentucky 
section. 


LEGEND 


8 


n 


Draw 

slate 


39 


Clay 


28  I 


10 

4 

4 

6 

6 


22 

3 

4 
5" 


B  * 

DC 

DC 

C 

S 


6- 


S  5 


3- 


Cl  s 

DC 

BC 


1- 


OJ 


Shale 


Fire  clay 
B  <*  S 

Bone  <a  sulphur 
Cl  *  S 

Clay  a  sulphur 


DC 

uj  Dirty  charcoal 
u. 


BC 

Bone  coal 


C 

Charcoal 


Sulphur 


Fig.  22. — Graphic  sections  of  No.  6  coal  in  the  Galatia  (No.  5)  mine,  Galatia 

Colliery  Company. 


The  terms  black  shale  and  black  “slate”  are  used  more  or  less 
indiscriminately  so  that  there  is  little  value  attached  to  the  separation 
of  the  two  shales  in  the  table.  Light  shale  and  clay  are  tabulated  under 
the  heading  “gray  shale.” 


FLOOR  NO.  6  COAT, 


No.  6  coal  commonly  rests  upon  hard  gray  shale,  generally  referred 
to  as  “fire  clay.”  The  underclav  varies  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches 
to  several  feet;  in  the  district  west  it  reaches  18  feet  or  more,  but  has 
an  average  thickness  of  2  to  4  feet.  The  underclay  in  this  region  prob¬ 
ably  does  not  differ  greatly  from  that  in  District  VI. 


Table  11. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  6  coal  as  shoivn  by  drilling  records  in  tialine  and  Gallatin  counties 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


84 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


86 


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(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


90 


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Table  11. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  6  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties — Continued 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


100 


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Takle  11. — Character  of  the  roof  of  No.  6  coal  as  shown  by  drilling  records  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  Concluded 

(Strata  are  tabulated  in  order  of  occurrence  above  coal) 


102 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  COALS 


103 


STRUCTURE 

The  structure  of  No.  6  coal  is  shown  in  Plate  IV.  This  map  is  on 
the  same  scale  as  the  structure  map  of  Jefferson,  Franklin  and  Wil¬ 
liamson  counties  (District  VI)  and  of  maps  of  Districts  II  and  VII 
presented  in  earlier  reports.1 

The  four  maps  together  show  the  structure  of  No.  6  coal  so  far  as 
it  is  well  known  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Comparison  of  Plate  IV  and  the  structure  map  of  No.  5  coal 
(Plate  I)  will  show  that  the  two  coals  are  nearly  parallel,  there  being 
little  difference  in  the  structural  forms  indicated  on  the  two  maps. 

EXPLOITATION 

The  development  of  the  No.  6  bed  in  this  region  has  been  held 
back  because  it  is  thinner  than  the  same  bed  in  Williamson  and  Frank¬ 
lin  counties,  and  is  inferior  in  quality  to  No.  5  coal  mined  at  Ffarris- 
burg.  It  represents,  however,  a  great  and  practically  untouched  coal 
resource. 


McLeansboro  Coals 

Ten  coal  beds  in  the  McLeansboro  formation  are  believed  to 
underlie  at  least  part  of  this  district.  All  but  one  of  these  are  thin, 
and  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  will  be  of  economic  value  for  many 
years,  if  ever.  The  coal  found  from  60  to  90  feet  above  the  top  of 
No.  6  coal  (the  base  of  the  McLeansboro  formation)  is  in  a  large  num¬ 
ber  of  places  known  to  be  at  least  2  feet  in  thickness.  In  one  record 
it  is  reported  to  be  42  inches  thick.  The  other  McLeansboro  coals  are 
generally  thinner. 

Chemical  Character  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  Coals 

Table  12  shows  the  chemical  character  of  No.  5  coal  in  Saline 
and  Gallatin  counties  as  determined  from  the  samples  collected  for 
the  Illinois  Coal  Mining  Investigations  during  1912.  The  table  is 
reproduced  from  Bulletin  29  of  the  State  Geological  Survey.2 

Comparison  with  analyses  of  other  coals  in  the  State  is  made  in 
Table  13  and  Plate  IX.  It  is  apparent  from  the  tables  that  No.  5  coal 


1  Kay,  Fred  H.,  Coal  Resources  of  District  VII,  Ill.  Mining  Investigations  Bull. 
11,  Plate  I1,  1915.  Cady,  Gilbert  H.,  Coal  Resources  of  District  VI,  Ill.  Mining 
Investigations  Bull.  15,  Plate  V,  1916.  Cady,  Gilbert  H.,  Coal  Resources  of  Dis¬ 
trict  II,  Ill.  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  16,  Plate  I,  1917. 

2  Parr,  S.  W.,  Purchase  and  sale  of  Illinois  coal  on  specification:  Ill.  State 
Geol.  Survey  Bull.  29,  pp.  62-63,  1  91  4. 


104 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


Table  12. — Average  analytical  and  heat  values  of  No.  o  coal  for  separate 

mines  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties 

Gallatin  County 


Co-op 

No. 

| 

Moisture 

Volatile 

matter 

Fixed 

carbon 

Ash 

Sul¬ 

phur 

Co, 

B.  t.  u. 

“Unit” 

coal 

47 

5.72 

35.77 

46.71 

11.80 

3.47 

1.01 

12053 

14919 

Dry 

37.94 

49.54 

12.52 

3.68 

1.07 

12784 

Extra 

4.13 

34.21 

52.80 

8.86 

3.23 

.02 

12987 

15175 

Dry 

35.68 

55.07 

9.25 

3.37 

.03 

13546 

Extra  " 

3.68 

37.82 

48.18 

10.32 

4.55 

.04 

12818 

15078 

Dry 

39.26 

50.02 

10.72 

4.73 

.05 

13307 

Extra 

3.94 

38 . 13 

45.95 

11.98 

3.53 

.03 

12449 

15117 

Dry 

39.70 

47.82 

12.48 

3.67 

.04 

12958 

Extra  :1 

4.03 

33.71 

51.84 

10.42 

4.19 

.02 

12783 

15256 

Dry 

35.13 

54.01 

10.86 

4.37 

.02 

13319 

Aver- 

4.30 

35.93 

49.08 

10.69 

3.79 

.24 

12616 

15109 

age 

Dry 

37.54 

51.29 

11.17 

3.96 

.25 

13183 

Saline 

County 

43 

6.97 

35.98 

49.69 

7.36 

2.05 

.32 

12550 

14829 

Dry 

38 . 68 

53.41 

7.92 

2.20 

.34 

13490 

44 

6.70 

35.31 

49.55 

8.44 

2.56 

.02 

12401 

14824 

Dry 

37.85 

53.11 

9.04 

2.74 

.02 

13291 

45 

7.03 

34.78 

50 . 27 

7.92 

2.48 

.26 

12420 

14806 

Dry 

37.41 

54.07 

8.52 

2.67 

.28 

13359 

46 

7.96 

34.68 

48.54 

8.82 

2.79 

.46 

12077 

14741 

Dry 

37.68 

52.74 

9.58 

3.03 

.50 

13122 

48 

7.67 

33.90 

50.26 

8.17 

2.56 

.70 

12234 

14739 

Dry 

36.72 

54 . 43 

8.85 

2.77 

.76 

13250 

49 

5.20 

38.06 

45.90 

10.84 

4.60 

.59 

12193 

14824 

Dry 

40 . 15 

48.42 

11.43 

4.85 

.62 

12862 

Aver- 

6.92 

35.44 

49.06 

8.58 

3.76 

.39 

12314 

14794 

age 

Dry 

38.08 

1 

52.70 

1 

9.22 

4.04 

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13229 

a  From  mines  not  included  in  the  original  group  of  100  selected  for  exam¬ 


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Illinois  State  Geological  Survey 


Plate  IX 


District  No.  1 


District  No.  2 


District  No.  3 


District  No.  4. 


District  No.  6 


District  No.  0 


District  No.  7 


District  No.  8a 


District  No.  8b. 


Volatile  Matter 

38.83 

Fixed  Carbon 

37.89 

Moisture 

16.18 

Sulphur 

2.89 

Ash 

7.08 

BTU 

10981 

AVERAGE  ANALYSIS 


Volatile  Matter 

33.98 

Fixed  Carbon 

61.02 

MtfTsiure 

9.28 

Sulphur 

129 

Ash 

5.72 

B.T.U 

12488 

AVERAGE  ANALYSIS 


Volatile  Matter 

38.16 

Fixed  Carbon 

39.75 

Moisture 

13.46 

Sulphur 

3.59 

Ash 

8.63 

BTU 

11036 

Volatile  Matter 

36.79 

Fixed  Carbon 

37.59 

Moisture 

15.10 

Sulphur 

3.52 

Ash 

10.53 

BTU 

10514 

AVERAGE  ANALYSIS 


Volatile  Matter 

35.49 

Fixed  Carbon 

48.72 

Moisture 

6.75 

Sulphur 

2.92 

Ash 

9.04 

BTU 

12276 

AVERAGE  ANALYSIS 


Volatile  Matter 

Fixed  Carbon 

Moisture 

Sulphur 

Ash 

BTU 


34.00 

48.08 

9.21 

1.53 

8.71 

H825 


AVERAGE 

ANALYSIS 

Volatile  Matter 

38.05 

Fixed  Carbon 

39.06 

Moisture 

12.56 

Sulphur 

4.01 

Ash 

1033 

BTU 

10847 

AVERAGE 

ANALYSIS 

Volatile  Matter 

35.88 

Ftxed  Carbon 

40.33 

Moisture 

14.45 

Sulphur 

2.55 

Ash 

9.34 

B.T.U 

10919 

AVERAGE  ANALYSIS 


Volatile  Matter 

3829 

Fixed  Carbon 

38.75 

Moisture 

12.99 

Sulphur 

2.93 

Ash 

9.98 

B.T.U. 

11143 

DISTRICTS 

t.  La  Salle  or  Long-wail. 
Coal  No.  2- 

2.  Jackson  County. 

Coal  No.  2. 

3.  Rock  Island  and 
Mercer  Counties. 

Coal  No.  1. 

4.  Sprlngfield-Peorlo. 
Coal  No.  5. 

5.  Saline  County 
Cool  No.  G. 

0.  Williamson  and 
Franklin  Counties. 
Coal  No.  0 

7  Southwestern 
Illinois.  West  of 
DuQuoin.  Coal  No.  0. 

8a.  Danville.  Coal  No.  0 
Orape  Creelc  Bed 

8b.  Danville.  Coal  No.  7 
Danville  Bed 


LEGEND 

Volatile  Matter 


The  projections  on  the  sides 
ol  the  analysis  diagrams  show 
comparative  B.T.U.,  according 
to  scale,  measured  from  the  cir¬ 
cumference  of  the  circles. 


NOTE 

On  the  diagrams  the 
sulphur  content,  usually 
considered  as  an  addition 
to  the  proximate  analysis 
is  divided  equally  between 
fixed  carbon  and  volatile 
matter  and  overlap* 
equal  parts  of  both. 


Percentages  refer  to 
Coal  "As  received" 


DIAGRAMS 

showing 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION 
and 

COMPARATIVE  VALUE 
of 

ILLINOIS  COALS* 

1914 


Plate  IX.  Graphic  average  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  by  beds. 


Table  13. — Average  analyses  of  Illinois  coals  by  districts 


CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  COALS 


105 


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ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


is  characterized  by  the  lowest  moisture  content  of  any  coal  in  the  State 
aside  from  that  in  Eagle  Valley,  and  that  the  ash  of  the  coals,  in 
Saline  County  at  least,  is  less  than  that  of  all  others  except  No.  6  coal 
of  Williamson  and  Franklin  counties  ,  and  No.  2  (La  Salle  and 
Murphysboro)  coal  for  the  State.  In  British  thermal  units  the  average 
of  No.  5  coal  in  Gallatin  County  is  higher  than  that  of  any  other  coal 
sampled  during  the  Investigations,  and  the  coal  of  Saline  County  was 
exceeded  in  heating  quality  only  bv  the  No.  2  (Murphysboro)  coal. 
Thus  No.  5  coal  of  District  Y  ranks  at  least  second  among  the  coals  in 
the  State. 

Table  14,  showing  average  and  extreme  value  for  the  coals  of  the 
eight  different  districts,  furnishes  a  comparison  of  the  heating  quality 
of  this  coal  with  that  of  other  coals  in  the  State.  (See  also  Plate  IX.) 


Table  14. — Comparative  heating  values  of  the  various  Illinois  coals 

(Data  after  Parr) 


Dis¬ 

trict 

Coal  bed 

Con¬ 

dition 

British  thermal  units 

Minimum  Maximum  |  Average 

1 

LaSalle,  No.  2 . 

. .  As  rec’d 

.  10,391 

11,435 

10,981 

Dry 

12,587 

13,468 

13,101 

2 

Murphysboro,  No.  2 . 

.  As  rec’d 

12,260 

12,651 

12,488 

Dry 

13,565 

14,044 

13,765 

3 

Rock  Island,  No.  1 . 

.  As  rec’d 

10,366 

10,880 

11,036 

Dry 

12,548 

12,737 

12,753 

4 

Springfield-Peoria,  No.  5.. 

.  As  rec’d 

10,230 

10,951 

10,514 

Dry 

11,995 

12,700 

12,384 

5 

Harrisburg,  No.  5 . 

.  As  rec’d 

12,053 

12,550 

12,276 

Dry 

12,784 

13,490 

13,165 

Franklin,  Williamson,  and 

6 

Perry,  No.  6 . 

.  As  rec’d 

11,335 

12,127 

11,825 

Dry 

12,583 

13,366 

13,025 

r"> 

( 

Belleville,  No.  6 . 

.  As  rec’d 

10,438 

11,207 

10,847 

Dry 

12,150 

12,801 

12,406 

8 

Danville,  No.  6 . 

.  As  rec’d 

10,508 

11,228 

10,920 

Dry 

12,449 

12,925 

12,764 

8 

Danvillp  NTn  7.  .....  . 

As  rpc’d 

11,151 

Dry 

1 

1 

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Table  15. — Summary  of  resources  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals  in  District  V 


| 

! 

Total 

1 

County  and 
coal  bed 

% 

Average 

thick¬ 

ness 

Area  of 
coal  of 
indicated 
thick- 

Original 
tonnage  per 
foot  of 
thickness 

Thick- 

ness 

used  as 
factor 

Original 

total 

tonnage 

Total  pro¬ 
duction 
1881-1915 

amount 
mined  and 
rendered 
unminable 
on  basis  of 

Per¬ 

centage 

of 

total 

ton- 

Amount 

remaining 

available 

Amount 
remaining 
available  on 
basis  of 
recovery 

ness 

60% 

nage 

of  60% 

; 

recovery 

Inches 

Sq.  mi. 

Tons 

Feet  j 

Tons 

Tons 

I 

Tons  I 

Tons 

Saline 

■>; 

No.  5  coal 

50-60 

I 

85.25 

96,571,200 

4.58 

442,296,096 

60-70 

52.51 

54,483,328 

5.42 

295,299,638 

70-80 

13.94 

15,791,232 

6.25 

98,695,200 

80-90 

3.52 

3,987,456 

7.08 

28,231,188 

t 

54  (est.) 

53.76 

60,899,328 

4.50 

274,046,976 

54  (est.) 

54.00± 

61,171,200 

4.50 

275,270,400 

! 

Totals . . 

1,413,839,498 

No.  6  coal 

36 

11.90 

13,480,320 

3.00 

40,440,960 

50-60 

60.54 

68,579,712 

4.58 

314,095,081 

60-70 

88.78 

100,569,984 

5.42 

545,089,313 

70-90 

15.64 

17,716,992 

6.66 

117,995,167 

90 

00.63 

713,664 

7.50 

5,352,480 

54  (est.) 

54.00± 

61,171,200 

4.50 

275,270,400 

1,298,243,401 

2,712,082,899 

33,454,870 

| 

55,758,117 

2.63 

2,656,324,782 

1,693,794,880 

Gallatin 

t 

] 

No.  5  coal 

48 

225± 

254,880,000 

4.00 

|  1,019,520,000 

No.  6  coal 

48 

210± 

I 

237,888,000 

4.00 

1 

951,552,000 

1 

I 

1 

Totals. . 

! 

1,971,072,000 

1,539,146 

2,565,243 

1  .13 

1,968,506,757 

1,181,104,020 

I 

I  Totals. . 

I . 

4,683,154,899 

34,994,016 

58,323,360 

1.24 

4,624,831,539 

2,774,898,900 

j 

1 

- - - — 

— 

COAL  RESOURCES  OF  DISTRICT  V 


107 


There  are  no  analyses  of  No.  6  coal  in  this  district  available.  It 
is  probable  that  the  coal  will  be  slightly  higher  in  sulphur  and  ash  than 
the  No.  6  coal  in  Williamson  County  but  otherwise  it  will  probably 
not  be  greatly  different.  The  chemical  characteristics  of  this  coal  in 
the  general  region  are  discussed  in  some  detail  in  the  report  on  Dis¬ 
trict  VI.  The  average  quality  of  the  Herrin  (No.  6  coal)  can  be  deter¬ 
mined  by  inspection  of  Plate  IX. 

Coal  Resources 

The  coal  resources  of  District  V  can  be  estimated  with  but  slight 
pretense  to  accuracy.  Only  three  townships  within  Saline  County 
have  been  closely  drilled,  and  therefore  large  areas  in  both  Saline  and 
Gallatin  counties  require  further  drilling  before  an  accurate  estimate 
of  the  available  coal  resources  of  even  No.  6  and  No.  5  coals  can  be 
made,  to  say  nothing  of  the  lower  beds  which  probably  hold  a  large 
reserve. 

Considerable  care  has  been  taken  in  estimating  the  resources  of 
Ts.  8  and  9  S.,  Rs.  5,  6,  and  7  E.,  in  Saline  County,  by  the  methods 
employed  in  the  investigations  of  the  resources  of  District  VI.  Con¬ 
tours  were  drawn  showing  the  distribution  of  the  various  thicknesses 
of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals,  the  contour  interval  being  10  inches  rather 
than  6  inches  as  used  in  the  estimation  of  the  resources  of  District  VI. 
These  areas  were  measured  by  a  planimeter,  and  then  areas  of  the 
same  thickness  assembled.  (See  third  column,  Table  15.)  In  estimat¬ 
ing  the  tonnage,  the  coal  was  assumed  to  have  an  average  specific 
gravity  of  1.3,  which  is  equivalent  to  an  average  weight  of  1,770  tons 
per  acre  foot,  or  1,132,800  tons  per  square  mile  foot.  The  tonnage  per 
foot  for  each  area  shown  in  column  3  is  then  readily  computed  and 
appears  in  column  4.  In  estimating  the  total  tonnage  these  figures  for 
foot  tonnage  per  square  mile  are  multiplied  by  the  average  thickness 
in  feet  of  the  coal  in  each  area,  as  shown  in  column  5,  the  result  being 
the  original  tonnage  as  shown  in  column  6.  x\s  the  present  system  of 
mining  allows  a  recovery  of  only  about  60  per  cent,  the  total  original 
available  tonnage  has  been  computed  on  that  basis  and  is  shown  in 
column  7. 

For  about  53  square  miles  in  the  north  part  of  T.  8  S.,  Rs.  5,  6, 
and  7  E.,  the  No.  5  coal  supply  is  estimated  on  a  basis  of  a  thickness 
of  4.5  feet,  the  same  figure  being  used  as  the  factor  of  thickness  for 
the  south  half  of  T.  7  S.,  Rs.  5,  6,  and  7  E.  No.  6  coal  in  the  latter  of 
these  areas  is  estimated  to  have  an  average  thickness  of  5  feet.  The 
reserve  tonnage  estimated  thereby  for  No.  6  coal  in  this  part  of  the 
county  amounts  to  about  one-fourth  of  the  total  tonnage  for  No.  6 
coal  for  the  whole  county. 


108 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


An  accurate  estimate  of  the  amount  of  coal  underlying  the  part 
of  Gallatin  County  within  District  Y  is  not  possible  for  reasons  already 
stated.  This  part  of  the  county  comprises  roughly  about  225  square 
miles.  Xo.  5  coal  probably  underlies  all  this  area  and  NTo.  6  coal  as 
much  as  210  square  miles.  On  the  basis  of  1,132,800  tons  per  square 
mile  foot  and  an  average  thickness  of  4  feet,  the  total  original  tonnage 
of  No.  5  coal  is  estimated  to  be  1,019,520,000  tons;  on  the  basis  of  the 
same  average  thickness  the  total  original  tonnage  of  No.  6  coal  is  esti¬ 
mated  as  951,552,000  tons,  a  total  of  1,971,072,000  tons  for  both  beds, 
for  the  area  of  Gallatin  County  within  District  V. 

On  the  basis  of  a  00  per  cent  recovery  the  total  available  resource 
of  the  two  beds  shrinks  from  4,750,340,499  to  2,850,204,539  tons,  the 
difference  in  the  two  figures  representing  the  accumulating  waste 
that  is  attendant  on  coal  mining  in  this  district.  In  addition  to  this  40 
per  cent  of  loss,  about  4  per  cent  of  the  output  will  be  used  in  the 
operation  of  the  mines  and  a  certain  amount  in  the  transportation  of 
the  coal  from  the  mine  to  the  consumer,  all  of  which  represents  depre¬ 
ciation  of  the  original  supply  so  far  as  the  ultimate  consumer  is  con¬ 
cerned.  Within  Gallatin  and  Saline  counties  there  have  been  mined, 
or  rendered  unminable,  to  date,  according  to  the  records,  58,323,360 
tons.  A  small  proportion  of  this,  which  it  is  impossible  to  separate 
from  the  total,  has  been  mined  south  of  the  district,  but  it  is  too  small 
probably  to  vitiate  the  figures  presented.  The  total  production  repre¬ 
sents  approximately  2  per  cent  of  the  total  available  tonnage. 

Of  the  98  per  cent  still  remaining  of  No.  5  and  No.  6  coals,  large 
areas  underlie  regions  such  as  the  Wabash  flooded  lands  which  will 
probably  be  unminable  as  long  as  flooding  is  a  liability.  However, 
their  ultimate  recovery  seems  probable. 


APPENDIX 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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xn 

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2  2 

APPENDIX 


111 


Si  Si 

33  33 

a  sa 

Si  s- 


U  O 


•i 

s- 

33 

a 

Si 

Ja 

o 


W) 

Si 

32 

CO 

•rl 

Si 

Si 

3 

ffi 


o 

o 

Si 


Si 

(U 


3 

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sa 

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tH 

out 

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CC 

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to 

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to 

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H 

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to 

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to 

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to 

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to 

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TABLE  OF  SURFACE  DATA — Continued. 


11: 


ILLINOIS  MIXING  INVESTIGATIONS 


© 

X 


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Q 

O 

a> 

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o 

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APPENDIX 


113 


LO 

S3 

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1 

C/2 

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S3 

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pj 

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r-H 

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a> 

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a<  a3 


CO 

q 

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lO  CO  CO  lO  Ifl  lO 


•  •  CO 

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CO  •  LO 


CO  •  pH  pH  05 


ui  io  ia  h  ^ 


s?1 


pH  t—  03  C3  r- 1 


LO  Hi  Hi  'to 


•  t?  CO  CO 

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CO  00 

q 

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to  LO  CO 


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t't'OCOHCOTfMCiMTPCO^N 
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o 

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OO  pH  03  CO  O  C— 

t-H  LO  OO  05  t-H  03 

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CO  CO  OO  03  to-  LO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  O  00  10-  o 

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CO  LO  CO  pH  CO  CO  o 

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CO 


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Hi  H  OO  OO  t-  [- 

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C—  CO  pH  CO  OO  O  05  O  t—  t—  03  pH  O 

pH  O  t-H  05  03  03  OO  pH  pH  pH  03  O  pH  pH 

pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  03  03 


t>- 

05 


4  CL1  j  j  j  j  j  pq  pq  pj  h  h  pq  pq  n  pq  h  m  pq  pq  j  j 


tr-  LO  pH  o  o 
t-  zi  t-  C-  00  o 

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O  pH  05  LO  LO  LO  LO 

00  t--  t—  05  pH  05  05 

CO  CO  CO  CO  pH  CO  CO 


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pH  05  03  t—  CO  05  pH 

pH  CO  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH 


t-  LO 
05  CO 
pH  pH 


H  03  CO  t#  H  03  C0pHLOpH03C0pHpHO3C0pH03t— 103 


CO  pH 


LO  LO  CO  CO  CO  pH 
CO  pH  O  pH 


O  03  pH  CO  CO  t—  00  CO  ®5  03  pH  OO  CO 

pH  CO  tH  LO  I  |  IpHpHLOpHLOOS 
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TABLE  OF  SURFACE  DATA — Continued. 


114 


IIXIXOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


f 

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CO  •  •  CO  LO  LO  LO  LO 


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TABLE  OF  SURFACE  DATA — Continued. 


116 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


a 

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to 

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APPENDIX 


117 


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TABLE  OF  SURFACE  DATA — Continued. 


ILLINOIS 

MINING 

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119 


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124 


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126 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS 


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APPENDIX 


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INVESTIGATIONS 


128 


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INDEX 


133 


INDEX 


A  PAGE 

Acknowledgments  .  11 

Alluvial  plains  . 12,  13,  15 

Ash,  amount  permissible .  36 

B 

Bell  coal,  analyses  of . 38-39 

character  of . 37,  38 

“Bench”  coal,  see  No.  6  coal 

Big  Four  Railway,  mines  along.  .  14 

“Blue  band”  in  No.  6  coal . 80-81 

“Blue  band”  coal,  see  No.  6  coal 

Boundaries  of  District  V .  13 

Briar  Hill  coal  of  Kentucky .  79 

Butts,  Charles,  work  of .  11 

C 

Carbondale  formation,  channel 


sandstone  in .  21 

character  of .  20 

coals  of  . 39-103 

correlation  of  .  23 

fossil  plants  in .  23 

Carriers  Mills,  mines  near .  14 

Channel  sandstone  . 21,  43,  51 

Chemical  character  of  No.  5  coal 

. 103-107 

of  No.  6  coal . 107 

“Clay  veins,”  formation  of .  53 

in  No.  5  coal .  52 

Coal,  minable  thickness  of .  36 

shrinkage  in  formation  of .  52 

Coals,  Carbondale  . 39-103 

McLeansboro  . 103 

Pottsville  . 36-39 

Coal  beds,  number  of  in  Dis¬ 
trict  V .  36 


“Coal  Measures,”  see  Pennsyl¬ 
vanian  series 

Coal  mines,  deepest  in  world....  36 
Coal  resources  of  District  V.  .107-108 


page 

Cooperation  with  the  Engineering- 

Experiment  Station  .  11 

with  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines .  11 
with  the  U.  S.  Geological  survey  11 

Cottage  Grove,  fault  near . 31,  32 

Cottage  township,  possible  fault¬ 
ing  in  .  33 


D 

Davis  coal  of  Kentucky,  analyses 


of  .  41 

Dering,  J.  K.,  Coal  Company,  see 
J.  K.  Bering  Coal  Company 
Dering  Mines  Company  Mine 

No.  3,  dikes  in .  57 

floor  of  .  78 

Development  of  District  V....10,  14 

of  No.  6  coal . 103 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  work  of .  11 

Dike,  relation  of  to  fault .  35 

Dikes  .  34 

direction  of .  35 

distribution  of  .  56 

District  V,  coal  resources  of.  107-108 

number  of  coal  beds  in .  36 

Drilling,  distribution  of .  14 

table  of  . 110-131 

E 

Eagle  Valley,  coals  of . 38,  40 

No.  5A  coal  in . 78,  79 

Eldorado,  mines  near .  14 

Ellis,  A.  J.,  work  of .  11 

Engineering  Experiment  Station, 
cooperation  with  .  11 

Equality,  fault  near .  32 

Equality  township,  possible  fault¬ 
ing  in  .  33 


134 


ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATION 


F  PAGE 

Fault  in  Harrisburg  Big  Muddy 

Mine  No.  12 .  31 

in  O’Gara  Mine  No.  1 .  31 

north  of  Harrisburg .  31 

relation  of  to  dike .  35 

Faults  and  faulting . 10,  13 

breaking  of  coal  in .  54 

direction  of  . 54,  55 

effect  of .  55 

in  No.  5  coal . 54-55 

normal  .  54 

prevalence  of  .  54 

thrust  .  54 

“Faults”  . 15,  21,  50,  51 

Floor  of  No.  5  coal .  78 

Folds  in  No.  5  coal . 55-56 

“Four-foot”  coal  . - .  40 

G 

Galatia  Colliery  Company,  Galatia 

Mine,  “blue  band”  in .  81 

No.  6  coal  in . 79,  82 

Gallatin  Coal  and  Coke  Company 

Mine  No.  1,  floor  of .  78 

Geography  of  District  V .  13 


H 

Harrisburg  Big  Muddy  Coal  Com¬ 
pany  Mine  No.  12,  fault  in. .  .  31 

floor  of  .  78 

roof  of .  77 

Mine  No.  14,  floor  of .  78 

Harrisburg  coal,  see  No.  5  coal 

Harrisburg  fault  .  31 

Harrisburg  township,  channel 

sandstone  in  . .  21 

Herrin  coal,  see  No.  6  coal 
Hickory  Hill,  fault  near .  33 


Ice  House  coal . 37-38 

analyses  of .  38 

Igneous  intrusions  . 10,  34 

character  of  rock .  61 

Illinois  Central  Railroad,  mines 

along .  14 

Intervals  between  coal  beds,  vari¬ 
ation  of .  26 


J  PAGE 

J.  K.  Dering  Coal  Company  Mine 
No.  2,  dike  in . 59,  61 

K 

Kay,  F.  H.,  work  of . 11,  38 

L 

Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad, 
mines  along .  14 

M 

McLeansboro  formation,  character 

of  .  23 

coals  of  . 103 

correlation  of  .  24 

distinctive  horizons  of .  24 

Mines,  distribution  of .  14 

Mining,  relation  of  structure  to:.  34 

“Mountains,”  the  .  13 

Murphysboro  coal,  see  No.  2  coal 

N 

New  Haven  log . 18,  20 

No.  2  coal . 20,  39 

correlation  of . 23,  40 

outcrop  of  .  40 

shale  above  .  40 

No.  4  coal,  two  benches  of . 

. 20,  23,  40,  41 

No.  5  coal .  41 

bedded  impurities  in .  49 

bone  in  .  51 

chemical  character  of . 103-107 

“clay  veins”  in .  52 

correlation  of .  43 

description  of  .  48 

distance  below  No.  6  coal .  43 

distribution  of  .  43 

faults  in  . 32,  54-55 

floor  of  . 78 

folds  in  . 55-56 

irregularities  of  .  49 

outcrop  of .  13 

rolls  in  .  51 

roof  of .  61 

sections  of . 44-48 

slips  in  . 52-54 

sulphur  in  .  49 

thicknesses  of . 42-43 


INDEX 


135 


PAGE 

No.  5A  coal . 20,  23,  78 

analysis  of  .  79 

correlation  with  Briar  Hill  coal 

of  Kentucky .  79 

No.  6  coal,  “blue  band”  in . 80-81 

chemical  character  of . 103-107 

correlation  of . 23,  79 

development  of . 103 

division  into  three  benches....  81 

early  working  of .  14 

floor  of  . 83-102 

limestone  roof  of .  82 

possible  faulting  of .  32 

sections  of  .  82 

structure  of . 103 

thicknesses  of . 79,  80 

worked  in  one  mine .  79 


O 

O’Gara  Coal  Company,  fault  in.  . .  31 


Mine  No.  3,  floor  of .  78 

Mine  No.  8,  dike  in .  57 

floor  of  .  78 

Mine  No.  9,  floor  of .  78 

roof  of .  77 

Oil  shale,  possibility  of .  40 


P 

Parallelism  of  Pennsylvanian 


strata . 26 

Pennsylvanian  series,  character 

of  strata  .  17 

description  of  . 17-25 

parallelism  of  strata .  26 

sections  of  . 17-18 

structure  of  in  Illinois .  27 

structure  of  in  District  V...27,  34 

Pottsville  coals .  36 

Pottsville  formation,  character  of  18 

coals  of  . 18-19 

correlation  of  .  19 

fossils  of .  19 

sandy  character  of .  18 

Production  of  coal .  10 


R 

Railroads,  effect  on  distribution 


of  mines  .  14 

of  District  V .  9 


PAGE 

Raleigh  township,  sandstone  chan¬ 


nel  in .  21 

Ridgway-Omaha  fault,  possibility 

of  . 32 

Rolls  in  No.  5  coal . 51-52 

Roof  of  No.  6  coal .  82 


S 

Saline  County  Coal  Company 

Mine  No.  2,  dike  in .  59 

Mine  No.  6,  dike  in .  61 

floor  of  .  78 

roof  of . 77-78 

Saline  river,  alluvial  plains  along  13 

Shawneetown,  alluvial  plains 

north  of  . 15 

Shawneetown  hills  .  13 

Slips,  formation  of .  52 

in  No.  5  coal . 52-54 

Structure,  effect  on  in  mining...  34 

Structure  of  District  V,  relation 

of  to  District  VI .  27 

relation  of  to  general  Illinois 

structure  .  28 

varied  interpretations  of .  29 

“Sulphur”  in  No.  5  coal .  49 

Surface  deposits  .  14 

sections  of  . 15-16 

Swags  .  56 


T 

“Three-foot”  coal  .  40 

Topography  of  District  V .  14 


U 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  coopera¬ 
tion  with  .  11 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  coopera¬ 
tion  with  .  11 

University  of  Illinois,  cooperation 
with  .  11 


W 

Wabash  river,  alluvial  plains 


along .  15 

Wasson  Coal  Company  Mine  No.  1, 

floor  of  .  78 

White,  David,  work  of . 19,  23 

White,  K.  D.,  work  of .  11 


PUBLICATIONS  OF 

ILLINOIS  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS. 


Bulletin  1. 
Bulletin  3. 
Bulletin  10. 
Bulletin  11. 
Bulletin  14. 

Bulletin  15. 
Bulletin  16. 
Bulletin  '  17. 

Bulletin  18. 

Bulletin  19. 

Bulletin  20. 

Bulletin  21. 

Bulletin  22. 
Bulletin  23. 
Bulletin  24. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  DIVISION 
URBANA.  ILLINOIS 

Preliminary  report  on  organization  and  method  of  investigations,  1911. 
Chemical  study  of  Illinois  coals,  by  S.  W.  Parr,  1916. 

Coal  resources  of  District  I  (Longwall),  by  G.  H.  Cady,  1915. 

Coal  resources  of  District  VTI,  by  Fred  H.  Kay,  1915. 

Coal  resources  of  District  VIII  (Danville),  by  Fred  H.  Kay  and  K.  D. 
White,  1915. 

Coal  resources  of  District  VI,  by  G.  H.  Cady,  1916. 

Coal  resources  of  District  II  (Jackson  Co.),  by  G.  H.  Cady,  1917. 
Surface  subsidence  in  Illinois  resulting  from  coal  mining,  by  Lewis  EL 
Young,  1915. 

Tests  on  clay  materials  available  In  Illinois  coal  mines,  by  R.  T. 
Stull  and  R.  K.  Hursh,  1917. 

Coal  resources  of  District  V  (Saline  and  Gallatin  counties),  by  G.  H. 
Cady,  1919. 

Carbonization  of  Illinois  coals  in  inclined  gas  retorts,  by  F.  K.  Ovitz, 
1918. 

The  manufacture  of  retort  coal-gas  in  the  central  states,  using  low- 
sulphur  coal  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  western  Kentucky,  by  W. 
A.  Dunkley,  and  W.  W.  Odell,  1918. 

Water-gas  manufacture  with  central  district  bituminous  coals  as 
generator  fuel,  by  W.  W.  Odell  and  W.  A.  Dunkley,  1918. 

Mines  producing  low-sulphur  coal  in  the  central  district,  by  G.  H. 
Cady,  1919. 

Water-gas  operating  methods  with  central  district  bituminous  coals 
as  generator  fuel.  A  summary  of  experiments  on  a  commercial 
scale,  by  W.  A.  Dunkley  and  W.  W.  Odell,  1919. 


Bulletin  2. 
Bulletin  4. 
Bulletin  5. 
Bulletin  6. 
Bulletin  7. 
Sulletin  8. 
Bulletin  9. 
bulletin  12. 
illetin  13. 

illetin  91. 

tulletin  100. 


ENGINEERING  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
URBANA.  ILLINOIS 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VIII  (Danville),  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1913. 
Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VII,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  I  (Longwall),  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1914. 
Coal  mining  practice  in  District  V,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  II,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VI,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  III,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1915. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  IV,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1915. 

Coal  mining  in  Illinois,  by  S.  O.  Andros,  1915.  (Complete  resume  of 
all  the  district  reports.) 

Subsidence  resulting  from  mining,  by  L.  E.  Young  and  H.  H.  Stoek, 
1916. 

Percentage  of  extraction  of  bituminous  coal  with  special  reference  to 
Illinois  conditions,  by  C.  M.  Young,  1917. 


U.  S.  BUREAU  OF  MINES 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


In  72.  Occurrence  of  explosive  gases  in  coal  mines,  by  N.  H.  Darton, 
•  in  83.  The  humidity  of  mine  air,  by  R.  Y.  Williams,  1914. 
in  99.  Mine  ventilation  stoppings,  by  R.  Y.  Williams,  1915. 

"in  102.  The  inflammability  of  Illinois  coal  dusts,  by  J,  K.  Clement  and 
Scholl,  Jr.,  1916. 

.tin  137.  Use  of  pe^-  ssible  explosives  in  the  coal  mines  of  Illinois,  by 
Flemin  id  J.  W.  Koster,  1917. 


illetin  138.  Coking  of  lois  coals,  by  F.  K.  Ovitz,  1917. 

technical  Paper  190.  J  nane  accumulations  from  interrupted  ventilation, 
special  reference  to  coal  mines  in  Illinois  and  Indiana,  by 
Smith  and  Robert  J.  Hamon,  1918. 


1915. 

D.  A. 
J.  R. 

with 
H.  I. 


